نقدی بر مساله حریم گسل؛ خطر گسیختگی سطحی ناشی از گسلش زمین‌لرزه‌ای در پهنه شمالی کلان شهر تهران، البرز مرکزی، ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه حوضه‌های رسوبی و نفت، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 گروه زمین و منابع، دانشکده علوم زمین و محیط زیست، دانشگاه کوئینزلند، بریزبان، استرالیا

3 گروه مدیریت بحران، پژوهشکده سوانح طبیعی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: کلان­شهر تهران، پایتخت ایران، در دامنه جنوبی بخش مرکزی رشته کوه­های البرز قرار گرفته است. به دلایل شناخته شده و آشکار زمین‌ساختی، از جمله رویداد زمین‌لرزه‌های ویرانگر تاریخی و دگرشکلی واحدهای نهشتی کواترنری، زمین‌لغزش‌های بزرگ قدیمی و داده‌های ژئودزی رشته کوه‌های البرز هنوز از نظر زمین‌ساختی جنبا است. در این مقاله با جمع‌بندی اطلاعات موجود و جدید، نقشه‌ای بروز شده از پراکندگی گسل­ها در پهنه شمالی شهر تهران ارائه شده است.
مواد و روش­ها: این مطالعه دربرگیرنده تدوین نقشه گسل­های بخش شمالی شهر تهران با مقیاس نقشه­برداری بیش از 1:20000 است. این تلاش با تکیه بر نقشه‌های زمین‌شناسی، سوابق لرزه‌ای تاریخی و دستگاهی و بینش‌های موجود و جدید مربوط به گسل‌ها که از بررسی دقیق تصاویر ماهواره‌ای، آرشیوهای عکس‌برداری هوایی مربوط به سال ۱۹۵۵ و تحقیقات میدانی جامع است، صورت گرفته است. نمونه­هایی از گسلش کواترنری برجسته ارائه شده­اند. اطلاعات مفصل در نسخه کامل فارسی توضیح داده شده است.
نتایج و بحث: شکل 1 نقشه بروزرسانی شده از موقعیت گسل­های مهم در پهنه شمالی شهر تهران را نشان می‌دهد. نکته مهم در این نقشه شناخت ادامه روندهای گسل‌هایی است که پیش از این معرفی شده بودند اما انتهای آنها نامعلوم بود. همچنین شبکه گسترده‌ای از شکستگی‌ها یا در واقع گسل­های فرعی متعلق به سامانه گسل شمال تهران به ویژه در بخش فرادیواره‌ای آن به نقشه درآمده‌اند که پیش از این منتشر نشده است. گسل شمال تهران، گسل پردیسان، گسل نیاوران، گسل محمودیه، گسل داوودیه و گسل کن با بیشترین طول، خطرناک‌ترین روندهای گسلی داخل شهر تهران به شمار می‌آیند. بررسی‌های ما نشان می‌دهد در شهر تهران دست کم بیست بیمارستان مهم دولتی و خصوصی در مواجهه مستقیم با خطر گسیختگی سطحی قرار دارند. در کنار این، مراکز مهم دیگری از جمله چند دانشگاه و مراکز حساس دیگر از جمله انبار نفت در شمال شهران نیز قرار دارند. بر مبنای طول گسل­ها، گسل­های پردیسان، نیاوران، محمودیه و گسل­های موجود در منطقه چیتگر که همگی از سامانه گسلی شمال تهران متاثر هستند، خطرناک‌ترین روندها از دید گسیختگی سطحی نیز شامل می‌شوند.  
نتیجه­ گیری: در کمربند شمالی شهر، خطر زمین‌لغزش‌های ناشی از زمین‌لرزه بسیار جدی است و سوابق رخداد زمین‌لغزش‌های بسیار بزرگ باستانی در دامنه‌های جنوبی البرز این مساله را تایید می‌کنند. هم اکنون می‌توان چالش اصلی خطر زمین‌لرزه و گسیختگی سطحی در شهر تهران، عدم شناخت گسل­های مهم نیست، بلکه عدم توجه به این موضوع مهم و نبود دیدگاه یکپارچه در سطح کلان برای مقابله با آن است. مسایل اقتصادی یکی از موانع اصلی در رعایت حریم گسل در شهر تهران بوده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A critique on the problem of the fault zone regulatory act in Iran; An overview of the surface rupture hazard caused by earthquake faulting in the northern zone of Tehran metropolis, Central Alborz, Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Ehteshami-Moinabadi 1
  • Shahram Nasiri 2
  • Ali Saket 3
  • Fatemeh Moradi Ghahdarijani 1
1 Department of Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Earth and Resources, School of Earth Sciences and Environment, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
3 Department of Crisis Management, Natural Disasters Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: The megacity of Tehran, Iran's capital, is positioned on the southern slope of the central part of the Alborz Mountain range. This range displays active tectonics, resulting in a history of destructive earthquakes, quaternary deformation, massive ancient landslides, and geodetic phenomena. Earthquake movement and deformation can lead to the emergence of numerous secondary geological and non-geological hazards. This article presents a revised map showcasing the fault distribution in the northern region of the Tehran megacity, based on a synthesis of both current and novel information.
Materials and methods: This study entails the formulation of a fault map encompassing the northern sector of Tehran city, employing a cartographic scale exceeding 1:20000. This endeavor capitalizes on geological maps, historical as well as instrumental seismic records, and both extant and novel fault-related insights extrapolated from satellite image scrutiny, aerial photography archives dating back to 1955, and comprehensive field investigations. Subsequently, instances of quaternary faulting have been delineated for salient fault lines. Through a comprehensive examination of strategies aimed at mitigating the risk posed by surface rupture events, heightened attention has been accorded to, and an evaluation has been undertaken of this peril within the delineated study expanse. Elaborated information is expounded upon within the corresponding Persian manuscript.
Results and discussion: Figure 1 illustrates the revised cartographic representation delineating the geographic positioning of pivotal faults situated within the northern precinct of Tehran. Of paramount significance within this cartographic presentation is the discernment of fault line continuities previously introduced but whose terminal extents remained obscure. Moreover, an expansive network of fractures or subsidiary faults aligned with the North Tehran fault system has been meticulously charted, particularly in the hangingwall segment thereof, hitherto unreported in extant literature. The North Tehran fault, alongside the Pardisan, Niavaran, Mahmoudieh, Davoodieh, and Kan faults, the latter boasting the most extensive reach, collectively constitute the foremost fault trends imparting significant geological risk within the confines of Tehran city. Creating comprehensive geoscience data systems tailored to urban scales emerges as a viable solution to address myriad requisites, encompassing the effective management of contemporary urban risks. Preliminary inquiries substantiate the assertion that a minimum of twenty prominent public and private hospitals within Tehran directly confront the hazard of surface rupture events.
Conclusion: Contemporary perspectives pertaining to the computation and observation of fault setbacks underscore the imperative of meticulous fault location mapping prior to urban development. While subsurface methodologies hold promise for generating these highly accurate maps within regions characterized by youthful sedimentary deposits, historical data gleaned from fault observations provide valuable context. Given sufficient financial resources, such historical data can corroborate or negate the veracity of known fault lines. Absent such resources, judicious evaluation compels the prioritization of fault line delineation and the concomitant alignment of construction codes therewith. Of paramount import within the context of the presented map is the recognition of fault trend continuities previously introduced, the onward trajectory of which remained enigmatic. Additionally, an extensive matrix of fractures or attendant subsidiary faults inherent to the North Tehran fault system has been methodically charted, with a notable focus on its hanging wall portion hitherto unpublished. The Northern Tehran fault, in conjunction with the Pardisan, Niavaran, Mahmoudieh, Davoodieh, and Kan faults, the latter exhibiting the most expansive extent, collectively constitute the preeminent fault trends engendering pronounced geological risk within the confines of Tehran city. It is noteworthy that although faults such as the Mosha fault, situated at a minimum distance of 30 km from Tehran city, are acknowledged as influential seismic sources for the city, the paramount concern lies in the evaluation of surface rupture hazard, wherein those faults positioned within the urban area assume a markedly more critical role.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Tehran
  • Fault setback
  • Seismic hazard
  • Earthquake
  • Fault surface rupture
  • North Tehran Fault

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