@article { author = {rostami, milad and Hosseinzadeh, Mohammad mehdi and Esmaili, Reza}, title = {Assessment of bank-river stability versus erosion and factors for its management strategy in the Vaz river, Mazandaran province}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {1-14}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.11.4.1}, abstract = {IntroductionChanges in river channel, bank erosion and sedimentation are the natural processes in alluvial rivers which might destruct and damage surrounding human facilities and farms. Regarding this, the study of bank-river instability is done for engineering activities in order to form the necessary proceedings to stabilize the banks against erosion.Material and methodsIn this study using the Lin shear stress, the rate of instability coefficient has been investigated in the Vaz River in Mazandaran province. All the required parameters are assessed in geomorphology library using field surveys, google earth images and granometry. At first, a two-kilometer reach is determined and eight cross sections were chosen in this reach. After that, to riprap the instable bank bed slope, shear stress, bank angle, stability coefficient and effective rock size of the Vaz River is defined as the management strategy. Discussion and resultsAfter measuring the parameters affecting the shear stress index of river-banks in the Vaz River, the rate of bank stability, the rock size in the incipient motion and the effective rock size to riprap the river is estimated in two scenarios including 20° and 30° angles of slope. To determine the effective rock size the highest angle of repose and shields parameters are considered as 42 and 0.054, respectively. In phase two with hypothetical bank slope of 20° and 30°, the rock size in the sixth to ninth steps for different rock sizes are repeated constantly, since SF=1 was obtained. In this situation, the effective riprap rock size and the rock size in the incipient motion is estimated for the two suggested scenarios. Conclusions The results reveal that the sections 6, 2, 8, 3, 5, 7, 1, 4 have the most and least stability coefficients, respectively. Therefore, the suitable rock size to riprap the bank and protect the bank-river would be different from the size of rock in the incipient motion. Furthermore, considering the situation of each section, the suitable angle or the bank slope are different to riprap the bank. In the reach of the Vaz River in section 1 the coarsest required rock sizes are 1.21 m in 20° angle of slope and 0.69 m in a slope with 30° angle. In the section 6 the smallest required rock size is 0.248 m in 20° of slope and 0.115 m in 30 degree of slope.}, keywords = {Vaz river,Bank riprap,Stability coefficient,Bank erosion,Lin model}, title_fa = {بررسی حساسیت کناره رودخانه در برابر فرسایش و راهکارهای حفاظت کناره‌های کانال در رودخانه واز چمستان- مازندران}, abstract_fa = {تغییرات مجرای رودخانه، فرسایش کناره­ای و رسوبگذاری کناره­ای، فرآیند­های طبیعی رودخانه­های آبرفتی هستند که باعث تخریب زمین­های کشاورزی اطراف و خسارت به تاسیسات انسانی اطراف رودخانه می­شود. در این پژوهش با استفاده از مدل تنش برشی لین میزان ضریب ناپایداری کناره رودخانه واز در استان مازندران بررسی شده است. بدین منظور کلیه پارامترهای مورد نیاز با استفاده از مطالعات میدانی، تصاویر گوگل ارث و آزمایش دانه­بندی اندازه­گیری شد. براساس مدل فوق مقاطع ناپایدار شناسایی سپس برای هر یک از این مقاطع، اندازه پاره سنگ جهت سنگچینی کناره رودخانه به عنوان راهکار مدیریتی تعیین شده است. نتایج نشان داد که مقاطع 6، 2، 8، 3، 5، 7، 1، 4 به ترتیب دارای بیشترین تا کمترین ضریب پایداری هستند. بر این اساس اندازه پاره سنگ در آستانه حرکت و پاره سنگ مناسب جهت سنگچینی کناره و حفاظت از کناره رودخانه متفاوت خواهد بود. همچنین با توجه به شرایط هر مقطع، شیب مناسب کناره جهت عملیات سنگچین کردن متفاوت می­باشد. که در این بازه از رودخانه واز مقطع شماره 1 بزرگترین پاره سنگ با اندازه 21/1 متر در شیب 20 درجه و پاره سنگ با اندازه 69/0 متر در شیب 30 درجه مورد نیاز است. مقطع شماره 6 کوچکترین پاره سنگ با اندازه 248/0 در شیب 20 درجه و پاره سنگ با اندازه 115/0 متر در شیب 30 درجه مورد نیاز است.}, keywords_fa = {رودخانه واز,سنگچین کناره,ضریب پایداری,فرسایش کناره‌ای,مدل لین}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97423.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97423_a23704cf2eb5ae4bc475ecc149d2ba30.pdf} } @article { author = {Arsalani, Fatemeh and Alijani, Bohlol and Akbari, Mehri and Mohammadkhan, Shirin}, title = {Investigation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb) existing in falling dust of Tehran}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {15-36}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.11.4.15}, abstract = {IntroductionHeavy metals are naturally derived from weathering of rocks. However, in cities they are mainly made up of human causes such as industrial activities, urban development, and transportation. The purpose of the present study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals in falling dust of Tehran city, its spatial analysis and to calculate the pollution indices in order to investigate the severity of the impact of external factors (man-made). Materials and MethodsFor this purpose, the dust fallout samples were collected using Marble Dust Collector (MDCO) from 28 different locations across Tehran during the statistical period (2017/12/22- 2018/06/21).To identify and determine the concentration of heavy metals (Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Fe) in the collected dust, XRF analysis was used to determine the spatial and temporal scattering of heavy metals in dust, and the kriging interpolation method was designed for statistical and spatial analysis of wind using the WRPLOT software. With the help of the WRPLOT software the windrose was drawn. Also, the hysplit model was used to trace its route to Tehran metropolis and standard levels (EF) and (Igeo) were used to determine the contamination level of heavy metals.Results and discussionIn winter, pollution caused by heavy elements of cadmium, copper and lead is significantly more at 99% than spring. There was no significant difference between the concentrations of chromium and nickel in winter and spring. In winter, areas in the eastern half of Tehran have the highest concentrations of heavy metals. In spring, the highest concentrations of Cd are in the north of region 5 and 2 and east of region 15. The highest concentration of Cr is in southwestern Tehran. The highest concentrations of Pb and Cu are in the eastern parts of Tehran. Tehran windrose showed that winter and spring had the highest frequency of winds above 8 m / s in west of Tehran. Forward trajectory of dust particles showed that dust particles entered Tehran from sand mines, cement factories and sand processing plants. The enrichment factor (EF) and Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) concentration of heavy metals in the falling dust in winter 2017 and spring 2018 are (Cd> Pb> Cu> Cr> Ni), respectivelyConclusionMore stable air, inversion of the air and more use of heating appliances in winter increase the concentration of heavy metals in winter than spring. Due to the western-eastern pattern of wind, dust particles that contain heavy metals, are dispersed further east from western Tehran. Due to Tehran's topographic pattern and low wind speed in the east, these elements are more concentrated in the east than in the west. Wind has a huge impact on the pollution and cleanliness of an area from heavy metals. The highest concentration of Cr is in the central areas of south of Tehran. Cr has a different emission source than other heavy metals studied. Cr emission is primarily due to combustion processes, metal industries and cement production. In the spring, Komail West, Hashemi, Hosseinieh Musa al-Reza, 30tir, Shahed 2 stations, were at least +3 standard deviation from the mean Cr. The mentioned stations are located in the southern half of Tehran That's due to the forward trajectory of dust particles in the hysplit. The windrose was drawn in WRPLOT software. One of the reasons of these dusts can be attributed to the sand mines located west of Tehran. In the spring the weather is more unstable. Increased volumes of dust enter these areas and heavy metals stick to the dust particles mostly enter these areas. The results also showed that in winter 2017, Cd in 81.4% and Pb in 85.1% of the studied stations had human origin. In spring 2018, Cd in 64% and Pb in 70.3% of the studied stations had human origin. In both seasons, Cr, Cu and Ni had no human origin at any station.}, keywords = {Spatial analysis,Marbel Dust Collector (MDCO),Tehran City,Falling dust,Heavy Metals}, title_fa = {بررسی عناصر سنگین(Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb) موجود در غبار ریزشی شهر تهران}, abstract_fa = {هدف پژوهش حاضر تعیین غلظت عناصر سنگین موجود در غبار ریزشی شهر تهران، تحلیل فضایی آن و محاسبه شاخص‌های آلودگی جهت بررسی شدت تأثیر عوامل انسان‌ساخت است. بدین‌منظور غبار ریزشی با استفاده از تله رسوب‌گیر تیله‌ای 1 MDCOدر 28 ایستگاه شهر تهران در دوره آماری (31/3/1397- 1/10/1396) جمع‌آوری شد. جهت شناسایی و تعیین غلظت عناصر سنگین (Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb) موجود در گرد‌و‌غبار ریزشی جمع‌آوری شده، از آنالیز 2XRF، تعیین پراکندگی مکانی- زمانی عناصر سنگین موجود در غبار ریزشی از روش درونیابی کریجینگ، ردیابی مسیر ورود آن به کلان شهر تهران از مدل 3 HYSPLITو تعیین سطح آلودگی آن‌ها از شاخص‌های استاندارد (EF) و (Igeo) استفاده شد. پایدار بودن هوا، وارونگی دما و استفاده بیشتر از وسایل گرمایشی در فصل زمستان باعث افزایش غلظت عناصر سنگین در زمستان نسبت به بهار شد. به دلیل الگوی غربی باد، ذرات ریز گردوغبار که حاوی فلزات سنگین است از غرب تهران به نقاط شرقی‌تر پراکنده می‌شود. بدلیل الگوی توپوگرافی تهران و کم شدن سرعت باد در شرق، غلظت این عناصر در شرق بیشتر از غرب می‌باشد. بیشترین غلظت کروم در نواحی مرکزی به سمت جنوب تهران قرار دارد. یکی از دلایل آن، معادن شن و ماسه واقع در غرب تهران است. براساس مقادیر شاخص غنی‌شدگی (EF) و شاخص زمین‌انباشت (Igeo) غلظت فلزات سنگین موجود در گرد‌و‌غبار ریزشی در زمستان 1396 و بهار 1397 به ترتیب Cd>Pb>Cu>Cr>Ni می‌باشد. سرب و کادمیوم منشأ انسانی، مس، کروم و نیکل منشأ طبیعی دارد. }, keywords_fa = {تحلیل‌فضایی,تله‌رسوبگیر‌MDCO,شهر‌تهران,غبار‌ریزشی,فلزات‌سنگین}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97441.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97441_ba11fcd23ebb1af5d725d9a216bd58f3.pdf} } @article { author = {Nikpeyman, yaser and Gholizadeh Khasvani, Sharareh and Hajizadeh, Meisam and Saeidi Rashk Owlya, Ali}, title = {The effect of the Iran-Iraq war on the water resources management and governance in Kermanshah province}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {37-46}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.11.4.37}, abstract = {IntroductionWater resources are one of the key assets and infrastructure of any country that is vulnerable to war and terrorist attacks. Water infrastructure such as dams can be directly targeted by air strikes. Challenges of governing water resources and the environment during wartime include the destruction of vegetation, the contamination of water resources and infrastructure by munitions and military vehicles and the pollution and erosion of soil. This study attempts to examine the effects of the imposed war on the governance of water resources and the environment by examining the records and backgrounds of high and middle-ranking managers in Kermanshah province during the eight-year period of the imposed war and the eight-year period after the end of the war.Materials and methodsThis study was conducted based upon the data extracted from: (1) the archives of the Islamic Revolution Documentation Center, (2) the National Library, and (3) the media. To this end, a list of top and middle managers in organizations whose performance is related to water resources and the environment was first prepared. Then, their scientific and executive background relevancy to their position was evaluated.DiscussionOne of the general effects of wars is the destruction of water infrastructure by the enemy. Among these incidents in Kermanshah province, the following can be mentioned:- Destruction of Tangab Now water source in Qasr-e-Shirin city;- Destroying and damaging the water transmission lines of Qasr-e-Shirin;- Poisoning the water source of Melleh Dizgeh village in the city of Thalas-e-Babajani;- Chemical bombing of Zardeh village in Dalahou city, which polluted the village spring;- Releasing water and swamping the lands around the Gilan-e-Gharb to Qasr-e-Shirin road;- Existence of undiscovered mines in the agricultural and environmental fields of Qasr-e-Shirin and Gilan-e-Gharb cities, which has prevented the development of water infrastructure with appropriate progress.In Kermanshah province, most dams and water structures have been constructed and become operational after the end of the imposed war, which shows the high potential of water resources in Kermanshah province. Therefore, the occurrence of the imposed war has caused a long delay in the design and construction of water resources management tools.An examination of the records and background of the Ministry of Energy during the Iran-Iraq war shows that after the Islamic Revolution, in the structure of the executive branch, there was still a tendency and emphasis on using specialized and educated personnel related to the nature of the Ministry of Energy; However, the urgency of the war led to a particular sensitivity to the background of individuals; Thus, all the ministers after Hassan Abbaspour were revolutionary and militant forces whose commitment to the new government of Iran had been proven, despite the lack of connection between their expertise and the nature of the Ministry of Energy.By the end of 1988, there were only three groundwater observation boreholes in Kermanshah province. However, with the end of the war, the number of groundwater observation boreholes increased and reached to more than 300 by 2020. Also, the number of hydrometric stations in Kermanshah province until the end of the imposed war in 1988 was about 38 stations, while the number until 1997 was about 45 and by 2020 about 60 stations were operational. These statistics shows that in Kermanshah province, the occurrence of the imposed war has delayed the completion of the water resources monitoring network.ConclusionThis study showed that the occurrence of war, in addition to having immediate and direct damage, has indirect and long-term consequences. Among these effects, we can mention the disruption of the mechanism of management and governance of water resources and the environment. The Islamic Revolution in Iran led to the emergence of a golden period in which it was possible to rebuild and restore the governance system of water resources in Iran. However, the outbreak of the imposed war in Iran caused the country to re-enter the state of war emergency. Therefore, the occurrence of the imposed war in Iran caused the delay of managerial stability and in addition to the immediate consequences, the indirect destructive effects of the delay in the management and governance of proper water resources are undeniable.}, keywords = {Iran,War,Governance of water resources,Iraq,Kermanshah}, title_fa = {اثر جنگ تحمیلی ایران و عراق بر مدیریت و حکمرانی منابع آب در استان کرمانشاه}, abstract_fa = {جنگ یکی از پیچیده‌ترین پدیده‌های اجتماعی است که به دلیل ماهیت، اهداف و ابعاد آن پیامدهای اقتصادی- اجتماعی غیر قابل پیش‌بینی در جوامع درگیر آن برجای می‌گذارد. جنگ‌ ذاتا نابود کننده‌ توسعه‌ پایدار است. در سال 1358 هجری شمسی جنگی ناخواسته در طول مرزهای غربی و جنوب غربی ایران از جانب عراق بر ایران تحمیل شد و در تمام این مدت، محیط زیست طبیعی و انسانی کشور مورد آماج تخریب و نابودی قرار گرفت. استراتژی‌های جنگی نظیر ساختن پل روی رودخانه‌ها و نهرها، ایجاد موانع جنگی، احداث خاکریزها و سنگرهای بزرگ سطحی و زیرزمینی، همگی باعث برهم زدن اکوسیستم منطقه شده و نیز استفاده از ماشین‌آلات مهندسی و رزمی و جنگ‌افزارها باعث صدمات جبران‌ناپذیر زیست‌محیطی شده است. درگیر بودن مستقیم بخشی از استان کرمانشاه در جنگ باعث شد تا اولویت‌های صنعتی، پژوهشی و زیست‌محیطی به سمت اهداف جنگ معطوف شود و به بیان بهتر، آب و محیط زیست تحت‌تاثیر شرایط اضطرار از اولویت خارج شد و تمرکز بر حفظ تمامیت ارضی و مرزها معطوف شد. لذا، حکم‌رانی طبیعی از حالت عادی خارج شده و به اضطرار تبدیل گردیده است. متعاقب آن، خسارات سنگین بر اکوسیستم‌های آبی و منابع آب در استان کرمانشاه وارد شد. در این مطالعه سعی شده است با بررسی سوابق و پیشینه حکمرانان بالارتبه و میان‌رتبه مرتبط با حکمرانی منابع آب در ایران و استان کرمانشاه در بازه زمانی هشت ساله جنگ و مقایسه آن با هشت سال پس از جنگ، به بررسی آثار جنگ تحمیلی ایران و عراق بر حکمرانی منابع آب در استان کرمانشاه پرداخته شود.}, keywords_fa = {ایران,جنگ,حکمرانی منابع آب,عراق,کرمانشاه}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97461.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97461_6e2a669e4228bd0af21fb99de3e136ae.pdf} } @article { author = {Arjmandzadeh, Reza and Sharifi Teshnizi, Ebrahim and Ahmadi, Ali Akbar and mahdavi, amir and Tavsoli, Sima and Dabiri, Rahim}, title = {The mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of Aghol-Messi sedimentary copper - uranium deposit, Tabas block, Central Iran}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {47-70}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.11.4.47}, abstract = {IntroductionSediment-hosted copper deposits are the 2nd most important copper deposits after porphyry type deposits in the world. They supply more than 23% of world copper production (Brown, 2003). These types of deposits have been considered in Iran in recent years. In this regard, numerous copper deposits have been identified such as Markasheh and Tesuj (Mahdavi, 1387; Taghizadeh et al., 1386). The purpose of this article is to investigate the mineralogical, geochemical characteristics and genesis of Aghol-mesi sedimentary Copper-Uranium deposit in the vicinity of the Markasheh copper deposit.Materials and methodsAfter field studies and picking the right samples, 30 thin sections and 30 thin-polished sections were prepared and studied. Afterwards, geological, alteration and mineralization maps were prepared on a scale of 1: 5000 within an area of about 10 km2. 62 samples were analyzed by XRF and 17 samples by ICP-MS in Atomic Energy Organization. In order to accurately identify minerals, 10 rock samples were taken from the area for the XRD analysis. DiscussionAghol-mesi Cu deposit is located northwest of Ravar, in southwest of Tabas block. Host rocks of Aghol-mesi deposit in this part of central Iran subcontinent, include redbed sediments (Garadu redbeds) of Jurassic-Cretaceous age that extend in large areas between Ravar to Tabas, in a distance of more than 400 km. These sediments overprint salts of central Iran with upper Jurassic age and are overlaid with Cretaceous evaporite-carbonate units.Gradu redbeds include alternates of red oxidized sandstone, conglomerate and siltstone that partly change to light grey in color. In the Aghol-mesi area, two main reducing horizons are obvious within these grey parts that each of these horizons include three zones:Red oxidized zone: oxidized zones include main parts of Garadu redbeds that encompass reduced horizons from top and bottom. Neotocite is the only copper bearing mineral in this zone.Bleached zone: This zone is the altered part of Garadu Redbed sequences. Under influence of reduced fluid, color of red-orange sandstones convert to white, yellowish brown, grey or green color. Neotocite is the only copper bearing mineral in this zone that is very abundant as red zone.Reduced mineralized zone: In Aghol-mesi deposit, ore bearing zones formed non-continuous bleached reduced zones as lentiform. Abundance of plant fossil fragments as reductant and permeability of rocks in bleached zone is a principle factor in formation of this zone. Principle ore minerals in this deposit are chalchosite, bornite, covellite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, argentite and copper carbonates such as malachite. Chrysocholla, neotocite and atacamite are the other ore minerals at Aghol-mesi Cu deposit. Principle ore texture is replaced, disseminated, framboidal pyrite and solutioned seams.ConclusionExistence of upward coarse grain sedimentary cycles with woody fragments and plant fossils, sedimentary structures including ripple mark and cross bedding, rich paleochannel organic matter, biogenic sedimentary structures and caliche reveal that depositional environment of these sediments was a tidal-delta retrograde, marine environment. Considering the sedimentary sequences in the area, and paleotectonics of this part of central Iran in Jurassic-Cretaceous, Aghol-mesi copper deposit was formed in an extensional environment of the continental margin. Based on characteristics of Aghol-mesi Cu deposit such as lithology, lenses and layered shape (in geometry), regional extent, lamination, dissemination, vein and veinlets and replacement textures, mineralogy, presence of plant fossils and concentration of copper mineralization relative to these fossils, the copper mineralization in Aghol-mesi Cu deposit is a red bed type sediment-hosted copper that was formed soon after early diagenesis and before deep burial.}, keywords = {Uranium,reduction and oxidation,Garedo Formation,Red Sandstone,Aghol-Messi}, title_fa = {کانی‌شناسی، ژئوشیمی و ژنز کانسار مس- اورانیوم رسوبی آغل مسی، بلوک طبس، ایران مرکزی}, abstract_fa = {حوضه رسوبی ژوراسیک-کرتاسه در ناحیه آغل مسی را لایه‌های قرمز رنگ سازند گره دو تشکیل می‌دهد که شامل توالی ماسه سنگ دانه ریز، ماسه سنگ دانه متوسط تا درشت و در نهایت کنگلومرا سرخ اکسیدان (هماتیت‌دار) می‌باشد که در بخش‌هایی احیایی شده‌اند. کانه‌زایی در افق‌های احیایی و در ارتباط با کانال‌های دیرینه رخداده است. در محدوده رخداد مس - اورانیوم آغل‌مسی، دو افق اصلی احیایی و چهار زیر افق قابل تشخیص است که هریک، از سه پهنه قرمز اکسیدان، پهنه شسته شده و پهنه احیایی کانه‌زایی تشکیل شده‌اند. با توجه به ویژگی-های سنگ‌شناسی، ژئومتری عدسی وابسته به لایه، گسترش ناحیه‌ای، ساخت و بافت جانشینی و دانه پراکنده، کانی شناسی ساده، وجود آثار و بقایای گیاهی و تمرکز کانه‌زایی مس در ارتباط با آن، رخداد مس آغل‌ مسی را می‌توان تیپ رسوبی لایه‌ای قرمز با میزبان نهشته‌های رسوبی1 در نظر گرفت. برای ارزیابی کانی‌شناسی و نحوه تشکیل رخداد مس- اورانیوم در منطقه، مطالعات صحرایی و آزمایشگاهی نظیر تهیه مقاطع نازک و صیقلی و مطالعات ژئوشیمیایی نظیر XRF، XRD و ICP-MS انجام شده است. ماسه سنگ‌های میزبان اورانیوم طبق نمودار فولک از نوع لیت آرنایت بوده و حداکثر میزان اورانیوم در ماسه‌سنگ‌ها ppm 96 می‌باشد. }, keywords_fa = {اورانیوم,پهنه‌های اکسیدان و احیایی,سازند گره‌دو,ماسه سنگ قرمز,آغل مسی}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97467.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97467_fbd170dc25beae8215c86fb5ebb61a2c.pdf} } @article { author = {Yousefi, Mehdi and Moussavi, Seyed Morteza and Khatib, Mohammad Mehdi}, title = {Effect of the Hendijan paleohigh on the structural geometry and tectonic evolution of the Tangu deep-seated anticline (SW Iran)}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {71-86}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.11.4.71}, abstract = {IntroductionThe reactivation of the Paleohighs, including the Hendijan basement fault, has created a series of tectonic buildings in the northwest of the Persian Gulf and Abadan plain. Their structural trends and formation mechanisms are different from the folds formed in the main phase of the Zagros folding in the Neogon. In this study, based on geological maps, satellite imagery, seismic profiles and well data, geometric analysis of the Tangu anticline in the southern part of the Dezful Embayment was carried out in relation to the Hendijan Paleohigh performance. Then the effective factors on the geometry of this anticline are identified.Materials and MethodsTo investigate the geometry of the Tengu anticline in southwest Iran, the seismic profile perpendicular to the axis of this anticline is analyzed. The quality of seismic profiles allow the identification and interpretation of structures down to the Fahlian formation (figure 2). This profile shows an upright fault with a slope to the east which due to its function, incision and upwards moving and as a result the thrust component in the eastern part of the anticline is visible. Thinning on the fault zone of the Fahlian formation (Cretaceous) to the middle Aghajari formation (Upper Pliocene) has occurred, which shows the activity and uplift of the Hendijan fault during the Cretaceous to Tertiary times. Also in this seismic profile, thickening in the Aghajari formation is evident. This case shows two different fold patterns in depth and surface, in which the Fahlian to Asmari formations, we see an asymmetric fold with a western limb with more slope than the eastern limb. While in the upper part of this section, the curvature of the layers has produced a gentle fold. It seems that the difference in the two patterns of the folds’ geometry indicate two distinct compression and shortening phases that will be discussed.Results and discussionThe calculation of the geometric values of the Tangu anticline, including the L parameter, ratio of the size (R), bluntness of fold (b(, the Fourier coefficients, and their position in the corresponding diagram, indicate that the Tangu anticline is an asymmetric fold, and has a sinewave to chevron shape. Also, the interlimbs angle, bluntness of fold (b) and the variations in the thickness of the limbs relative to the hinge area based on the isogone line, represent this anticline of the subangular type. They suggest 1A class for it and as the seismic section shows, the thickness of the fold limbs is more than the hinge area. Due to the aspect ratio of the Tangu anticline which is 0.75 and the position of the Tangu anticline in 1A class, and also its position on the Hendijan paleohigh, this anticline is a forced fold type. Its formation is directly related to the movement and uplift along the Hendijan basement fault. The northeast trend of Hendijan basement fault is one of the pre-existing faults that were inherited from the Pan-African structure in the Arabian plate. As an effect of the reactivation of this oblique fault, the trend of the main Zagros structures represent dextral displacements. Due to the effects of this fault’s lineament on the change in the pattern of the isopach maps in the Permian Triassic, it can be concluded that, according to the normal movement of the Hendijan-Izeh fault in Permian Triassic, this fault probably acted as a deformation transformer between the normal faults in the northeast of the Arabian plate. At the end of the middle Cretaceous and the onset of the upper Cretaceous, a significant change has occurred in the tectonic regime from the passive continental margin to the active margin. This was related to the oceanic crust subduction and the placement of ophiolites in the northeastern margin of the Arabic plate. The reactivation of the basement faults has led to the formation of paleohighs and depressions between them in the Dezful Embayment and Persian Gulf. The presence of these paleohighs has caused severe changes in facies and sedimentary disconformity in the form of interruption or erosion in the carbonate formations during this period time (Hajikazemi et al. 2010; Mehrabi and Rahimpour-Bonab 2014; Farzipour-Saein, et al. 2009). ConclusionIn the northwest of the Persian Gulf, the role of Hendijan oblique basement fault in controlling the stratigraphy of the region, has played a major role in the formation of sedimentary disconformity at the upper boundary of Sarvak formation and the absence of stratigraphy in the Ilam and Gurpi formations. Our results show that the rough topography caused by the activity of this basement fault is the main factor of thickness reduction in the Cretaceous to the Tertiary sediments. The gentle folding in the Tertiary seismic reflectors indicate that the Hendijan height has experienced another growth phase during the Tertiary period. The upper Aghajari onlapping syn-tectonic sediments on the northwestern and southeastern flanks of the Hendijan heights correspond to the reactivation of the Hendijan paleohigh in the Early Tertiary. This indicates the main phase of the folding after the Cretaceous. Also, the activity reflected in the Aghajari syn-tectonic sediments suggest the Pliocene age as the start of the main folding phase in the Tangu anticline.}, keywords = {Hendijan paleohigh,Tango anticline,Geometric analysis,Tectonic evolution,Forced fold}, title_fa = {تاثیر بلندای قدیمی هندیجان بر هندسه ساختاری و تکامل تکتونیکی تاقدیس مدفون تنگو (جنوب غرب ایران)}, abstract_fa = {محاسبه مقادیر هندسی تاقدیس تنگو از جمله پارامتر شکل L، پارامتر نسبت اندازه (R)، کندی چین (b)، ضرایب فوریه و جایگاه آنها در نمودار مربوطه، نشان می‌دهد که تاقدیس تنگو نامتقارن و دارای شکل جناغی تا سینوسی می‌باشد. با توجه به متغیر هندسی تاقدیس تنگو به میزان 75/0 و قرارگیری تاقدیس تنگو در رده1A  و همچنین موقعیت آن بر روی بلندای قدیمه هندیجان، این تاقدیس از نوع چین‌های تحمیلی می‌باشد که شکل‌گیری آن به‌طور مستقیم در اثر حرکت و بالاآمدگی در راستای گسل پی سنگی هندیجان می‌باشد. نتایج ما نشان می‌دهد که توپوگرافی ناهموار ایجاد شده در حوضه رسوبی در اثر فعالیت این گسل پی سنگی، عامل اصلی کاهش ضخامت در رسوبات کرتاسه پایینی تا ترشیاری می‌باشد. در شمال غرب خلیج فارس عملکرد گسل‌ پی سنگی هندیجان در کنترل چینه‌شناسی منطقه به شکل ایجاد ناپیوستگی رسوبی در مرز بالایی سازند سروک و نبود چینه‌ای در سازند‌های ایلام و گورپی نقش اساسی را ایفا کرده ‌است. چین خوردگی آرام در بازتابنده‌های لرزه‌نگاری ترشیاری مشخص می‌کنند که بلندی هندیجان فاز رشد دیگری را در خلال ترشیاری تجربه کرده است. پیشروی رسوبات همزمان با تکتونیک (آغاجری بالایی) در پهلوهای شمال غربی و جنوب شرقی بلندای هندیجان با تجدید فعالیت بلندای هندیجان در ترشیاری آغازی مطابقت دارد و نشانگر فاز اصلی چین خوردگی پس از کرتاسه بالایی می-باشد. }, keywords_fa = {بلندای قدیمی هندیجان,تاقدیس تنگو,تحلیل هندسی,تکامل تکتونیکی,چین تحمیلی}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97472.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97472_906659a11af420aaf78fd3a29f6b5fa4.pdf} } @article { author = {akbarpour, afshin}, title = {Geochemistry and mineralization magnetite in Mimoun Abad (SW Dehgolan, Kurdistan)}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {87-108}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.11.4.87}, abstract = {IntroductionKurdistan province has many iron mines, including: Saghez (Saheb and Hassan-salar), West Marivan (Asanawa), West Divandareh (Allijan, Tawakalan, Zafarabad), North Bijar (Shahrak and Sharifkandi), South Dehgolan(Mimounabad) and East Qorveh (Galalli, Khosroabad, Charmalah, Hezarkhani, Meymanatabad and Babaali). The Meymon-Abad Fe mineralization is one of the important mineralizations of Hamedan-Dehgolan zone.Materials and Methods In this research some samples of magnetite mineralization were taken (6 samples) for ICP-MS (GSI Lab), thin polish and thin section samples were taken (21 samples) from host rock and mineralization and 20 XRF samples were collected too (GSI Lab). One sample is selected for EPMA (Binaloud Co 20 points) and SEM (GSI 4 magnetite minerals). Overall, 57 samples were analyzed.DiscussionGhorbani (2008) divides Sanandaj-Sirjan zone into three parts from economic, geologic and metallogenic aspects. The southern part stretches from Sirjan to Isfahan. The middle part in terms of mineralization is more important than northern and southern parts. According to Momenzadeh (1976), the zone is mostly of sedimentary origin but other researchers such as Zamanian (2016), Bartai (2013), Rostmi paidar (2009) or Pirbaba ali, Galali suggest hydrothermal and skarn genesis. Meymon-Abad mineralization is located near other Fe mineralization zones in Gorveh which is located at intrusive margins of Soufi-abad. This matter can make a skarn genesis possible. Field and analytical studies show other origins for Fe mineralization in study area.ConclusionConsidering expansion, stratigraphy and gap relations between REE data diagrams in Magnetite mineralization and intrusive rocks, it showed limited similarities between Fe mineralization and intrusive rocks. There is limited relation between Fe mineralization in Meymon-Abad and skarn and hydrothermal deposits and this matter shows other origins for Meymon-Abad deposit, therefore sedimentary genesis is probable. High values of L.O.I in analyzed samples indicate that sedimentary genesis is probable. Micro probe analysis in magnetite minerals indicate C element and this can provide another reason for a sedimentary origin of Fe mineralization. At the margins of Sufi-abad granite rocks, there is evidence of hydrothermal origin for Fe mineralization. Mineral traces of pyrite, actinolite, cholorite, albite, calcite and garnet provide evidences of hydrothermal fluid effect in the study area. At margins of Sufi-abad percent of Fe decreases. So magnetite further from Sufi-abad is less than magnetite near Sufi-abad granite. There are fluctuations in magnetite amounts in amphibolite rocks and we can see mineral emplacement with magnetite. Magnetite has shaped interlayers and impregnated less in the host rock. The geochemical evidences of the magnetite mineral and REE variation on them show primary and secondary origins for mineralization in the Meymon-Abad ore deposit. This means that, primarily the high iron oxide bearing layers were deposited as interlayers between the Jurassic volcano sedimentary rocks and then remobilized by hot hydrothermal fluids originating from cretaceous intrusive bodies to upper horizons and re deposited. Abundant existence of epidote and actinolite, in part with garnet show a pyrometasomatic phase in this area.}, keywords = {Skarn,Sedimentary,Geochemistry,Fe mineraliztion,Kurdistan}, title_fa = {ژئوشیمی و ژنز کانسار مگنتیت میمون آباد- جنوب ‌باختر دهگلان، کردستان}, abstract_fa = {کانسار آهن میمون آباد در توالی سنگ‌های آتشفشانی- رسوبی ژوراسیک و توده‌های نفوذی ژوراسیک-کرتاسه در شمال زون سنندج-سیرجان رخنمون دارد. کانی‌سازی آهن بیشتر به صورت مگنتیت است که به اشکال عدسی‌، رگه‌ای، رگچه‌ای و نواری است. این کانسار دارای بافت پراکنده، توده‌ای، جانشینی و شبکه‌ای است. کانی‌های همراه بیشتر آمفیبول، اکتینولیت، اپیدوت و کوارتز هستند که در بخش‌هایی با کانی‌های رسی و کلسیت همراهند. تغییرات اکسید آهن در کانسنگ بین 30 تا 90 درصد است. عنصر آهن با گوگرد همبستگی مثبت و با تیتانیم، منیزیم، منگنز همبستگی منفی نشان می‌دهد. وانادیم از 17 تا 107 گرم در تن متغیر است. کاهش مقدار  CrوV  در این کانسار، منشا ماگمایی را برای آن مردود می‌سازد. مجموع مقادیر عناصر نادر خاکی در این کانسار بین 26 تا 283 گرم در تن است. غنی‌شدگی عناصر کمیاب سبک نسبت به عناصر کمیاب سنگین در کانسار نشانه تفریق است. براساس مقایسه پراکندگی REE، کانسار آهن میمون آباد شبیه کانسارهای آهن رسوبی است. تغییرات عناصر نادر خاکی در مگنتیت نشان‌دهنده دو منشاء اولیه و ثانوی برای کانی‌سازی آهن میمون آباد است. به این صورت که آهن ابتدا به شکل میان لایه در سنگ‌های رسوبی- آتشفشانی ژوراسیک تشکیل شده و توسط سیالات داغ حاصل از توده‌ نفوذی، جابه جا شده و در افق‌های بالاتر تجمع نموده است. حضور اپیدوت و آکتینولیت فراوان که گاهی با گارنت نیز همراه است نشانه‌ی یک فاز  پیرو متاسوماتیسم می‌باشد.}, keywords_fa = {اسکارن,رسوبی,ژئوشیمی,کانه‌زایی آهن,کردستان}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97477.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97477_4a9dc320dd6700749356411466cf3e43.pdf} } @article { author = {boomeri, mohammad and Piri, Atefeh and Nohtanifar,, Abdolbaset and Soloki, Hamid Reza}, title = {Copper and gold mineralization and petrography and geochemistry of igneous rocks in Taktalar, northwest of Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchestan province}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {109-128}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.11.4.109}, abstract = {IntroductionThe Taktalar is located 140 km northwest of Zahedan in Sistan suture zone (SSZ). The SSZ is divided into ophiolitic complexes of Ratuk and Neh which are separated by Sefidabeh basin in the central parts (Tirrul et al., 1983). The Neh and Ratuk complex consists of Cretaceous ophiolites, Cretaceous to Eocene phyllite and Paleogene deep sedimentary and continental clastic rocks. The Sefidabeh basin mainly consists of flysch-like rocks. Various basic to acidic extrusive and intrusive rocks occur in these subzones. The hydrothermal alteration and mineralization types are associated with the igneous rocks. There are also intensive and extensive alterations and weak Au, Cu, Pb and Zn mineralization evidences in the Taktalar. The aim of this paper is to examine petrology, alteration and mineralization of the study area.Method and materialSixty-three thin sections and 22 polish and thin-polish sections were examined by polarizing microscope under transmission and reflected light. Eight samples from the igneous rocks were analyzed by XRF and ICP-MS for major and trace and rare earth elements, respectively. 400 rock samples and cores were analyzed by ICP-OES to interpret grade and variation of Cu, Au, Mo, Ag, Pb and Zn.Result and discussionThe phyllite, sandstone and siltstone were intruded by intermediate stocks in the study area. These unites were also intruded by E-W intermediate dikes. Mineralized and non-mineralized silicic and carbonate veins were formed in E-W and NE faults. The stocks are diorite porphyry and granodiorite porphyry. They occur as a large ellipsoid with a fine-sized groundmass similar to completely altered dacite and andesite and contain plagioclase, amphibole, biotite and quartz. The intermediate dikes are also diorite porphyry and contain plagioclase, quartz, hornblende and biotite. The host rocks including sedimentary and igneous rocks in the study area are extensively and intensively altered. The alteration types are potassic, phyllic, silicic-argillic, propylitic and show the zoning. The potassic alterations are centered on a diorite porphyry stock and are characterized by biotite, orthoclase and mineralized quartz veins. The most extensive and intensive alteration is phyllic alteration which is centered on more than 80 % of outcrops of igneous and sedimentary rocks. This alteration is characterized by quartz, sericite, pyrite and tourmaline. The silicic-argillic alteration extensively occurs near silicic veins. The propylitic alteration occurs in marginal parts, associated with intermediate dikes, diorite porphyry and the flysch-like rocks. In Taktalar, pyrite is the most abundant sulfide which is sometimes associated with little amounts of chalcopyrite, bornite and covellite. The Cu mineralization is mainly characterized with Cu carbonates such as malachite and azurite and iron oxide veins. The maximum contents of Cu, Au, and Mo in the porphyry stock are 33000, 0.75 and 210 ppm, respectively. The vein mineralization occurs in marginal parts of the area and are associated with silicic and argillic alteration in oxidized parts. The veins are three types: gold-bearing silicic-iron oxide, Cu-bearing silicic-sulfide and poly-metal. The maximum contents of Au, Cu, Ag, Pb and Zn are 48 ppm, 10 %, 70 ppm, 27 % and 0.11 %, respectively.The igneous rocks are calc-alkaline and shoshonitic. SiO2 contents in them range from 57.51 to 69.33 wt. %. The minor and rare earth elements which are normalized to the MORB and the primitive mantle, respectively, show that LREE and LILE are enriched more than LREE and HESE, respectively. The enrichment of LREE and LILE, negative anomalies of Ba Ti, Nb and Zr and positive anomalies of Rb, Th, Ce, Sm suggest that the igneous rocks were emplaced in a volcanic arc related environment.ConclusionThe mineralization in Taktalar occurs as stock works and is disseminated in central parts and as vein in marginal parts. In the disseminated type, Cu and Mo are anomalous but of low grade. In vein type, there are high grades of Au. The mineralization is a low-grade porphyry system in terms of its alteration, mineralization style and sub-volcanic igneous rocks. The epithermal vein mineralization occurs mainly as lead and gold veins in the marginal parts of the area and telescoped onto a porphyry system.}, keywords = {Sistan Suture zone,Taktalar,Post-collisional tectonic setting,Epithermal- porphyry systems,Calc-alkaline and shoshonitic magmas}, title_fa = {کانی‌زایی ‌مس‌ و طلا، سنگ‌نگاری و ژئوشیمی سنگ‌های‌آذرین ‌در تک‌تلار،‌ شمالغرب ‌زاهدان، استان سیستان و بلوچستان}, abstract_fa = {محدوده تک‌تلار از نظر زمین‌شناسی در پهنه جوش خورده‌ی سیستان واقع شده است. قدیمی‌ترین سنگ‌ها در محدوده مورد بررسی سنگ‌های فلیش-گونه همچون شیل، سیلتستون و ماسه‌سنگ ائوسن می‌باشند که مورد نفوذ استوک‌های دیوریت پورفیری وگرانودیوریت پورفیری و دایک‌های گرانودیوریتی الیگوسن واقع شده است. سنگ‌-های آذرین از لحاظ ژئوشیمیایی دارای ترکیب دیوریت تا گرانودیوریت و متعلق به ماگماهای کالک آلکالن و شوشونیتی و جایگاه‌های مرتبط به کمان هستند. نمودار عنکبوتی عناصر جزئی و کمیاب خاکی که به ترتیب نسبت به مورب و کندریت به هنجار شدند نشان می‌دهند کهREE  و LILE غنی شدگی ولی عناصری از HES تهی شدگی دارند. غنی شدگیLREE  و LILE، وجود آنومالی‌های منفی Ba،Ti  وZr  و آنومالی‌های مثبتCe ، Rb، Sm و Th حاکی از شکل‌گیری نمونه‌های مورد مطالعه در محیطی مرتبط با کمان آتشفشانی است. استوک-های و سنگ‌های میزبان آنها در محدوده مورد مطالعه به شدت دگرسان شده می‌باشند. انواع دگرسانی‌ها شامل دگرسانی پتاسیک، فیلیک، تورمالینی، آرژیلیک، سیلیسی و پروپیلیتیک هستند. در مناطق دگرسانی، کانی‌زایی به صورت پراکنده، استوک‌ورک‌های کوارتز و رگه‌های سیلیسی رخ داده است. کانی‌زایی در محدوده تک‌تلار بر حسب نوع، شدت و منطقه‌بندی دگرسانی‌ها و سبک کانی‌زایی و همراهی با سنگ‌های آذرین نیمه نفوذی کالک آلکالن با بافت پورفیری، از نوع اپی‌ترمال- پورفیری کم عیار است. کانی‌زایی رگه‌ای اپی‌ترمال به صورت رگه‌های مس، سرب و طلا و تلسکوپی در حاشیه محدوده پورفیری رخ داده است. در محدوده مورد مطالعه سولفیدهای هیپوژن پیریت و کالکوپیریت و کانی‌های سوپرژن مالاکیت، آزوریت و هیدرواکسیدهای می‌باشند.}, keywords_fa = {پهنه جوش خورده‌ی سیستان,تک‌تلار,جایگاه تکتونیکی پسابرخوردی,سیستم‌های اپی‌ترمال- پورفیری,ماگماهای کالک-آلکالن و شوشونیتی}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97428.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97428_5af37e0c80c5b98d630dc085c9e37a5f.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghaderi, Mahdi and Amel, Nasir and Moayyed, Mohsen}, title = {Biotite Mineral chemistry, an approach to petrogenesis of Saray volcano, Northwestern of Iran}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {129-144}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.11.4.129}, abstract = {IntroductionBiotite is one of the most abundant ferromagnesian hydrous minerals in igneous rocks and could be crystalized under a wide range of temperature-pressure situations (Spear 1984). Biotite mineral chemistry can reveal the nature of magma and tectonic setting of parent igneous rocks (Abdel-Fattah, 1994&1996). Saray volcanic-intrusive complex is located east cost of Urmia Lake and according to Aghanabati (2004) it belongs to central Iran structural zone. Previous studies indicate that Saray magmatism has shoshonitic to ultrapotassic affinities and according to Moine vaziri (1991) the lowest layer of Saray volcano is 7.8 million years old. Materials and methodsSaray volcano majorly consists of Leucitic lavas and related pyroclasts with a 20 degrees slope. This sequence can be seen all over the volcano. After a probable inactive period, the second stage of its activity began by the eruption of more evolved trachytic magmas and related pyroclasts, which had very less volume than leucititic eruption. Lamprophyric dykes mainly minette, monchiquite and spessartite can be seen in the volcano. Trachytic and lamprophyric occur periodically and intrude each other. Emplacement of a syenitic stock in central Saray valley and intrusion of some syenitic dykes, are probably the last magmatic activities of Saray volcano. Result and DiscussionIn this study, we carried out 17 microprobe analyses of biotite minerals in trachytic, syenitic, minette and monchiquite rocks. According to Reider et al. (1998), in Saray volcano micas of minette and monchiquite are phlogopite and micas of trachyte and syenite are from biotite and phlogopite types. According to Nachit et al. (2005) the majority of studied biotites are categorized as re-equilibrated primary biotites. In ternary diagram proposed by Wones & Eugster (1963), which graphically show the position of main buffer reaction in biotite compositions, the majority of analyzed biotite spots, scatter around the HM buffer reaction line. By depicting the buffer reaction curve of analyzed biotites, we can see that many biotites of Saray volcano crystalized when the oxygen fugacity of magma was about -9. By investigating the chemical composition of studied biotites, it can be deduced that the only index which could separate Saray biotite meaningfully is Mg#. The Mg# of lamprophyre biotites is more than 0.9, in syenite it is between 0.8-0.9 and in trachyte it is around 0.7. This finding is consistent with petrological facts because biotites of the most evolved rocks in Saray volcano (Trachyte) have the least Mg# and lamprophyre has the highest Mg#. However chemical composition of biotite of Saray volcano shows that majority of them were formed in primary lamprophyric, except biotite of trachyte sample G5A, which was formed as fractional crystallization went on. Besides, considering the differences between the chemical composition of biotites of trachyte and syenite, it can be deduced that in Saray volcano, two or more trachyte-syenite reservoirs existed. ConclusionMica types of Saray volcano are biotite and phlogopite. The Mg# of lamprophyre biotites is more than 0.9, in syenite it is between 0.8-0.9 and in trachyte it is around 0.7 which is completely consistent with petrological facts. By applying indirect methods, oxygen fugacity of magma during biotite crystallization was found to be about -9. Comparing the chemical composition of biotites in different rock types of Saray volcano indicate that trachytic magma forms as a result of magmatic differentiation of lamprophyric magma. Some biotites were formed in parent lamprophric magma and some others were formed in trachytic magma after magmatic differentiation. Furthermore, the presence of two or more trachyte-syenite reservoirs in Saray volcano can be acceptable or it can be assumed that syenite reservoirs are roots of trachytic dykes and domes which were formed through weight differentiation.}, keywords = {Saray volcano,Biotite chemistry,Oxygen fugacity}, title_fa = {مینرال‌شیمی کانی‌ بیوتیت، رهیافتی بر پتروژنز آتشفشان سارای، شمال‌غرب ایران}, abstract_fa = {آتشفشان سارای در حاشیه شرقی دریاچه ارومیه واقع شده است و یک کمپلکس آتشفشانی- نفوذی مرکب خاموش می‌باشد. این آتشفشان عمدتاً تناوبی از روانه‌های لئویسیتیتی و فوران‌های آذرآوری با ترکیب لئویسیتیتی می‌باشد. دایک‌های لئویسیت‌فنولیتی، لامپروفیری، تراکیتی، یک توده کوچک نفوذی سینیتی و چند دایک با ترکیب سینیتی سایر واحد‌های سنگی آتشفشان سارای را تشکیل می‌دهند. کانی بیوتیت در مینت‌ها، مونشیکیت‌ها، تراکیت‌ها و سینیت‌های آتشفشان سارای از کانی‌های اصلی محسوب می‌شود و جهت بررسی دقیق‌تر، به‌ویژه تشخیص شرایط ژنز آنها، از بیوتیت‌های موجود در این سنگ‌ها، آنالیز نقطه‌ای انجام گرفت. میکا-های دایک‌های مینتی و مونشیکیتی و سینیت‌ها ترکیب فلوگوپیتی داشته و میکای تراکیت‌ها همگی از نوع بیوتیت می‌باشند. اکثر بیوتیت‌های مورد مطالعه در محدوده بیوتیت‌های اولیه مجدداً متعادل‌شده قرار می‌گیرند. بررسی شیمی‌کانی آنها نشان می‌دهد که این مجموعه از یک ماگمای کالک‌آلکالن و در یک محیط کوهزایی تشکیل شده‌اند. عدد منیزیومی بیوتیت در لامپروفیرها اغلب بیش از 9/0، در سینیت‌ها اغلب بین 8/0 الی 9/0 و در تراکیت‌ها حدود 7/0 می‌باشد. فوگاسیته اکسیژن ماگما در حین تبلور اکثر بیوتیت‌ها حدود 9- تعیین می‌شود. با توجه به تفاوت ترکیب شیمیایی بیوتیت‌های نمونه‌های سینیتی و تراکیتی می‌توان گفت که به احتمال قوی بیش از یک و حتی بیش از دو مخزن تراکیتی- سینیتی مستقل از هم در آتشفشان سارای تشکیل شده‌اند.}, keywords_fa = {آتشفشان سارای,شیمی بیوتیت,فوگاسیته اکسیژن}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97431.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97431_8721c93194096f4ac016d985051202d4.pdf} } @article { author = {ahmadzadeh, gholamreza and mobasher Germi, mohammad and Jahangiri, Ahmad and Sohrabi, Gahraman and Rezaeiagdam, Marziyeh}, title = {Geochemistry, petrogenesis and magmatic evolution of basalts from north of the Razi city}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {145-162}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.29252/esrj.11.4.145}, abstract = {IntroductionNorth Razi basalts in Ardabil province are located in the longitude range of º52 º47 to 505 º48 and latitude ˝00 ´00 º39 to ́50 ° 38. North of Razi magmatic region extends to the city of Kalibar (Sudi and Moazzen., 2014) in the southern part of the Caucasus, which has Lower and Middle Eocene basaltic magmas from northeast to southwest. Also it has olivine gabbroic dykes infiltrated in the eastern part of the Middle Eocene to Oligocene. The studied magmatism is restricted by the southern basin of the Caspian Sea on the east and the Allahyarlu ophiolite belt and Aras fault on the west. Allahyarloo melange ophiolite emerges in the southwestern of Lahroud magmatic zones in Cretaceous and pre-Cretaceous. In this research the genesis and tectono-magmatic environment of the Middle and Late Eocene North Razi basalts and their relationship with the the subductional back arc environment, have been investigated.MetodologyAfter field studies, 45 rock samples were selected for the study based on field relationships and petrographic evidence. Then thirty thin sections of the samples were prepared for petrographic studies. To investigate the geochemistry of major and minor elements, 20 samples were sent to the Amdel Laboratory of the University of New South Wales in Australia for chemical analysis by XRF and ICP.DiscussionIn macroscopic studies, North Razi basalts are black in color and melanocrate in terms of color index. Microscopic studies show Plagioclase and clinopyroxene phenocrysts are the main minerals while olivine and titanomagnetite are the lowest manufacturers of these rocks and show glomeroporphiritic and hyalomicrolitic porphiritic texture. The matrix of these rocks is mostly composed of glass with plagioclase microcrystals, small pyroxene granules, small amounts of olivine and opaque minerals. The parent magma of these rocks have alkaline nature regarding geochemical data. Multi-element diagrams indicate the enrichment of LREEs in comparison with HREEs suggesting magma involvement in enrichment of the mantle. Major oxide variation diagrams versus SiO2 confirm the role of normal magma differentiation. Petrological and geochemical evidences suggest 1- 5% partial melting of spinel garnet lherzolite metasomatic mantle as a result of sub ducted slabs and their sedimentary melting. ResultsIn northwestern Iran, north of the Razi city, a series of prismatic basalts are exposed which according to the stratigraphic studies, are related to the Eocene period of the northern part of Talesh zone. Based on geochemistry, the studied rocks have alkaline to shoshonitic nature and have been formed by subtraction of primary magma at relatively high oxygen fugacity. The order of crystallization of minerals was olivine and then the simultaneous crystallization of plagioclase and clinopyroxene occurred, respectively. Examining the trend of changes in major and minor elements indicates a genetic relationship with a basic magma and the effect of the subtraction process. Also, the study of petrogenesis indicates metasomatism of origins by submerged ocean fragments and associated fluids. This is obtained by unbalanced melting of garnet with spinel lerzolitic origin. These olivine basalts were formed in a tensile back arc basin, after collision along the Allahyarlu suture zone, beyond the Cretaceous magmatic arc.}, keywords = {Basaltic series,Metasomatism,Alkaline,Razi city,Talesh zone}, title_fa = {ژئوشیمی، پتروژنز و تحولات ماگمایی بازالت‌های شمال شهر رضی}, abstract_fa = {مجموعه‌ای از منشورهای بازالتی در شمال غرب ایران و در شمال شهر رضی (استان اردبیل) با روند شمال غرب – جنوب شرق برون‌زد دارند. کانی‌شناسی اصلی منشورهای بازالتی شامل فنوکریست های پلاژیوکلاز، کلینوپیروکسن (اوژیت) و الیوین با کانی فرعی تیتانومگنتیت و بافت غالب گلومروپورفیریتیک و هیالومیکرولیتی پورفیری می‌باشد. به لحاظ ژئوشیمیایی ماگمای مولد این سنگ‌ها دارای سرشت آلکالن و شوشونیتی است. نمودار عنکبوتی نشانگر غنی شدگی LREE نسبت به HREE بوده و بررسی ژئوشیمیایی گویای ژنز مرتبط با گوشته غنی‌شده است. روند تغییرات اکسیدهای مختلف نسبت به فراوانی SiO2 بیانگر فرایند تفریق عادی است. منشأ ماگمای این سنگ‌ها از ذوب 1 تا 5% گوشته‌ی اسپینل گارنت لرزولیت با غنی شدگی توسط متاسوماتیسم در منشأ با مذاب حاصل از صفحه فرو رو و سیالات و رسوبات همراه آن است. براساس شواهد ذکر شده این الیوین بازالت‌ها در یک حوضه کششی پشت قوس پس از برخورد در امتداد سوچر زون اللهیارلو در ورای کمان ماگمایی کرتاسه ایجاد شده است.}, keywords_fa = {منشورهای بازالتی,متاسوماتیسم,سری آلکالن,شهرستان رضی,زون تالش}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97436.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97436_9e1b8d43b5e48875437555037a4b4925.pdf} } @article { author = {Alipour, Vahideh and Abedini, Ali and Alipour, Samad}, title = {The Zavieh kaolin deposit (northwest of Chalderan, NW Iran): Constraints on mineralogy and whole-rock geochemistry}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {163-180}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.11.4.163}, abstract = {IntroductionThe Zavieh kaolin deposit is located ~20 km northwest of the Chalderan city, West-Azarbaidjan Province, NW Iran. Field observations and laboratory studies indicate that this deposit is a product of alteration of dacite igneous rocks from Pliocene age. In this research, it has been attempted to provide relatively comprehensive information on the mineralogical and geochemical factors controlling the distribution and mobility of major, minor and trace elements (including rare earth elements) and the role of hypogene and/or supergene processes in the development and formation of this deposit.Materials and methods This study was performed in two field and laboratory sections. In the field, surveys have been conducted to identify different rock units. On the basis of the results of these surveys, 50 samples were collected from kaolinss and dacitic igneous rocks were collected. The laboratory stage began by preparing and studying petrography of 4 thin sections of dacitic rocks and performing XRD analysis of 8 kaolin samples at the Geological Survey of Iran and the Binaloud Company. Subsequently, for geochemical studies, 12 samples (10 kaolins and 2 dacitic igneous rocks) were analyzed with ICP-AES and ICP-MS methods, respectively. The values of major, minor, trace and rare earth elements were obtained by the ALS-Chemex Laboratory, Canada. The LOI values of the samples were determined by the company based on the weight difference of the samples before and after heating for one hour at 950 °C.Results and discussionAlteration processes on igneous rocks of Pliocene age in the Zavieh area, northwest of Chaldaran, and the formation and development of a kaolin deposit have been associated with mineralogy of kaolinite, montmorillonite, muscovite-illite albite, quartz, rutile, hematite and goethite. The geochemical parameters such as TiO2, Ba+Sr and Ce+Y+La indicate that during the development and evolution of kaolin deposit, the supergene processes overlapped the hypogene processes. Alteration of feldspar mineral and distribution of muscovite-illite and rutile minerals have played an important role in the mobility and fixation of large ion lithophile elements (LILE) in this deposit. Factors such as changes in pH of solutions responsible for kaolinization, changes in the fluid-to-rock ratio, differences in the degree of alteration, and differences in accessibility of complexing ions along with adsorption and fixation in neomorphic mineral phases were the key parameters controlling the distribution of HFS elements in the kaolin deposit. Degree of plagioclase alteration and preferential adsorption by iron oxides and hydroxides are two critical parameters controlling changes in Eu anomaly values in this deposit. Changes in values of the Ce anomaly also indicate the valuable role of hypogene solutions during the formation and evolution of this deposit.ConclusionScavenging by metal oxides and hydroxides together with pH changes are the most important factors controlling the distribution of the transition trace elements in the kaolin deposit. Changes in the chemistry of alteration solutions are the major contributing factors in the distribution of REEs in the deposit and minerals such as clays, hematite, goethite, rutile, and secondary phosphates have played valuable control role in the distribution of REEs.}, keywords = {Dacite,Alteration,Zavieh,Kaolin}, title_fa = {ذخیره کائولن زاویه (شمال‌باختر چالدران، شمال باختر ایران): ملاحظاتی روی کانی‌شناسی و زمین‌شیمی سنگ کل}, abstract_fa = {ذخیره‌ی کائولن زاویه، در فاصله 20 کیلومتری شمال‌باختر شهرستان چالدران، استان آذربایجان‌غربی، شمال‌باختر ایران واقع می‌باشد. مشاهدات صحرایی و مطالعات آزمایشگاهی نشان می‌دهند که این ذخیره محصول دگرسانی سنگ‌های آذرین داسیتی پلیوسن است. کائولینیت، مونت‌موریلونیت، موسکویت- ایلیت، آلبیت، کوارتز، روتیل، هماتیت و گوتیت فازهای کانیایی در این ذخیره هستند. بررسی پارامترهای زمین‌شیمیایی نظیر مقادیر TiO2، Ba+Sr و Ce+Y+Laآشکار می‌کنند که تکوین و توسعه این ذخیره در ارتباط با عملکرد دو فرآیند درونزاد و برونزاد می‌باشد. محاسبات تغییرات جرم با فرض Ti به عنوان عنصر شاخص کم‌تحرک نشان می‌دهند که عناصری نظیر Ca،Mg ، Na،P ، Rb، Cs، Sr و Ce در طی فرآیندهای کائولینیتی شدن شسته شده و عنصر U در سیستم تثبیت ‌شده ‌است. این در حالی است که عناصری مانند Si، Al، Fe، K، Mn، Ba، Ta، Nb، Hf، Y، Zr، Ga، V، Co، Ni، Cu و کلیه REEs (به استثنای Ce) متحمل دو فرآیند شستشو و تثبیت گشته‌اند. تلفیق نتایج به دست آمده از بررسی‌های کانی‌شناسی و زمین‌شیمی تغییرات جرم حکایت از آن دارند که رفتار عناصر در طی توسعه این ذخیره توسط عواملی نظیر تغییرات در شیمی محلول‌های مسئول دگرسانی (pH و Eh)، حضور در فازهای کانیایی مقاوم، تغییر در شدت دگرسانی و نسبت سیال به سنگ، و حضور کانی‌های ثانویه که توانایی میزبانی عناصر در ساختارشان را دارند، کنترل شده است. ملاحظات زمین‌شیمیایی بیشتر آشکار می‌کنند که تمرکز لانتانیدها در این ذخیره توسط کانی‌های رسی، هماتیت، گوتیت، روتیل و فسفات‌های ثانویه صورت گرفته است.}, keywords_fa = {داسیت,دگرسانی,زاویه,کائولن}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97444.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97444_b9cb876f8070536133a6bfdaf79bdd49.pdf} } @article { author = {jafari, hadi and boosalik, zahra}, title = {Using geochemical techniques to identify the origin of ions and processes controlling groundwater quality of Shahrood aquifer}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {181-196}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.11.4.181}, abstract = {IntroductionGroundwater is in contact with different materials and undergoes several reactions, in its flow way, from the recharge point to the discharge point. In this path, some of the materials are dissolved in water and some others are deposited in it, and the water quality changes in the aquifer. Determining and identifying the factors affecting water quality, can be an effective step towards the quality management of aquifers. In the north of Shahrood aquifer, the groundwater type is bicarbonate with a good quality and its EC is about 671 μs/cm, while water quality decreases gradually in the southward direction and eventually it changes to saline water which is from sodium chloride type and the amount of EC (μs/cm) is 11210. The present study was carried out to identify the origin of ions and important processes controlling water quality in Shahrood aquifer. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the geochemical processes of this aquifer, the results of analysis of 120 groundwater samples taken in June 2018 were used. The maps of EC dispersion, water type, ion concentrations, two-variable diagrams such as Ca2+Mg2 versus HCO3+SO4, Ca+Mg versus TDS, Na versus Cl and Ca versus HCO3, ion exchange diagrams and saturation indices of halite, gypsum, calcite, dolomite and aragonite were used. In the present study, ions with a common origin, or twin ions, such as sodium and chlorine, were studied together and the imbalance between them was considered as significant factors and processes affecting the quality of Shahrood aquifer.Results and DiscussionAccording to the geology and lithology situation of Shahrood aquifer, the most probable hypothesis for the groundwater salinity in this aquifer is the dissolution of evaporative formations’ dispersion in the eastern and southern parts of the aquifer. This is consistent with the high salinity areas of the aquifer. However, there are evaporative formations in the southwest parts of the aquifer too, even though the salinity of samples taken from these parts is low. Based on the results of this study, halite and gypsum dissolution processes and precipitation of calcite and dolomite and direct and reverse cation exchanges are the most important processes for controlling water quality in Shahrood aquifer. The creation of the water divide line in the eastern and southeastern parts of the region has led to changes in the general trend of groundwater flow in the aquifer. The general direction of groundwater flow in the Shahroud aquifer is from the northern, eastern and southeast parts to the central, western, and southwest parts. But the operation of groundwater divide line, changed the flow direction to eastward around the village of Royan. This hydrogeological complexity has also affected the aquifer's groundwater quality. In fact, the groundwater divide line has prevented the penetration of saline water from the eastern and southeastern parts to the central and western parts of the aquifer. This has caused these saline water masses to be non-effective on the hydrochemistry of the Shahrood aquifer.ConclusionBased on the results of this study, halite and gypsum dissolution processes and precipitation of calcite and dolomite and direct and reverse cation exchanges are the most important processes for controlling water quality in Shahrood aquifer. The groundwater divide line, has prevented the penetration of saline water from the eastern and southeastern parts to the central and western parts of the aquifer. This has caused these saline water masses to be non-effective on the hydrochemistry of west the Shahrood aquifer.}, keywords = {Shahrood aquifer,Dissolution,Ion exchange,Percipitaion,Hydrochemistry}, title_fa = {استفاده از تکنیک‌های ژئوشیمیایی در شناسایی منشأ یون‌ها و فرآیندهای کنترل کننده کیفیت آب آبخوان شاهرود}, abstract_fa = {آب زیرزمینی در مسیر جریان خود از محل تغذیه تا محل تخلیه، با مواد مختلفی در تماس بوده و واکنش‌های متعددی را متحمل می‌شود. طی این مسیر برخی از مواد در آب حل شده و برخی دیگر در آن رسوب می‌کنند و کیفیت آب در آبخوان دچار تغییراتی می‌شود. تعیین و شناخت عوامل مؤثر بر تغییرات کیفیت آب، می‌تواند گامی مؤثر در راستای مدیریت کیفی آبخوان‌ها باشد. آب زیرزمینی در شمال آبخوان شاهرود، داری تیپ بی‌کربناته و کیفیتی مطلوب با EC حدود (µs/cm) 671 است، که به تدریج در روندی رو به جنوب کیفیت آب کاهش یافته و در نهایت به آبی شور با تیپ کلراید سدیم و میزان EC (µs/cm) 11210 تبدیل می‌گردد. پژوهش حاضر به منظور شناسایی منشأ یون‌ها و فرآیندهای مهم کنترل کننده کیفیت آب آبخوان شاهرود صورت گرفته است. به منظور بررسی فرآیندهای ژئوشیمـیایی حاکم بر این آبخوان، با استفاده از نتایج آنالیز 120 نمونه آب زیرزمینی برداشت شده در خرداد 1397، نقشه‌های پراکندگی EC، تیپ آب، غلظت یون‌ها، و نمودارهای دو متغیره Ca2+Mg2 در برابر HCO3+SO4، Ca+Mg در برابر TDS، Na در برابرCl  وCa  در مقابل HCO3 و نمودارهای تبادلات یونی و شاخص‌های اشباع کانی‌های هالیت، ژیپس، کلسیت، دولومیت و آراگونیت ترسیم و استفاده گردید. براساس نتایج این پژوهش فـرآیندهای انحلال هالیت و ژیپس، رسوبگذاری کلسیت و دولومیت و تبادلات کاتیونی مستقیم و معکوس، از مهم‌ترین فرآیندهای کنترل کننده کیفیت آب آبخوان شاهرود هستند. خط تقسیم آب زیرزمینی باعث تغییراتی در روند کلی جهت جریان آب زیرزمینی گردیده و با جلوگیری از نفوذ آب شور وارد شده از بخش‌های شرقی و جنوب شرقی، به بخش‌های مرکزی و غربی آبخوان، باعث شده این توده‌های آب شور، تأثیر چندانی بر هیدروشیمی آبخوان شاهرود نداشته باشند.}, keywords_fa = {آبخوان شاهرود,انحلال,تبادل یونی,رسوبگذاری,هیدروشیمی}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97447.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97447_152f24d819839bf71eb9f11353f51230.pdf} } @article { author = {Zamani Ghare chamani, Behzad and Bakhti, Kamran and Hassanpour Sedghi, Mohammad}, title = {Investigation of the time occurrence of Azerbaijan earthquake M=5.5 by natural time analysis}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {197-212}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.11.4.197}, abstract = {IntroductionEarthquakes as natural disasters, are always considered to be a risk for human societies in terms of economy and life. Therefore, attempts to predict earthquakes have always been considered as a way of risk management. On the other hand, Iran is located in a critical seismic condition through the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt, which is one of the most seismic areas in the world. Talesh Mountains are located in North West of Iran, in the south of the Caucasus orogeny, east of the Anatoly, and north of the Zagros orogeny. Many minor and major earthquake faults such as Tabriz fault, North Anatoli fault, East Anatoli fault, Zagros main fault and Alborz Western faults are effective in this area.Materials and methodsEarthquake prediction by electric precursors, known as VAN method, is one of the most successful short-term methods of earthquake prediction. This method (VAN) is based on researching the changes in Geo-electric potentials, called seismic-electric signals (SES) which can be detected before earthquakes. SES could be shown in special locations (sensitive sites) and sensitive sites receive the SES as a selection from the seismic sources. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the location of the event up to 100 Kms far away. The magnitude of the progressive earthquake could be forecasted up to 0.7-unit tolerance in Richter scale. Professor Vrotsos that is the founder of the VAN method and director of the solid state physics in University of Athens has published more than 250 papers and 8 books in this subject. In the last two decades the VAN team developed the time series analysis to forecast earthquakes, called “Natural time analysis”. In this paper, according to this method, the occurrence of one earthquake M=5.5 is analyzed. Results and discussionSince 2014 a network of VAN stations were installed in NW Iran for recording and monitoring the Seismic Electric Signals (SES). Receiving and analyzing these signals, could help determine the magnitude, epicenter and time of impending earthquakes. This research investigates an SES received on 7th of August 2015 and application of natural time analysis to find out the time occurrence of the subsequent impending earthquake, in a time window less than a week. The natural time analysis indicates that this system reached the critical point, on September 3rd 2015 and subsequently on 4th of September 2015 the 5.5 Richter (MN) main shock occurred in Oghuz municipality in the Republic of Azerbaijan, at a distance of 310 km from Ispiran station. The important point is that this earthquake is the only earthquake greater than 5 Richter occurring in the study area in 6 months before and after this event. This confirms that this prediction wasn’t random.ConclusionSince 2014 a network of VAN stations were installed in NW Iran for recording and monitoring the Seismic Electric Signals (SES). Receiving and analyzing one of the signals, helped determine the magnitude, epicenter and time of impending earthquakes. This research investigates an SES received on 7 August 2015 and how to apply the natural time analysis to find out the occurrence of the subsequent impending earthquake, in a time window less than a week. The natural time analysis indicates that this system reached the critical point, on 3 September 2015 and subsequently On 4 September 2015 the 5.5 Richter (MN) main shock occurred in Oghuz municipality in the Republic of Azerbaijan, at a distance of 310 km from Ispiran station.}, keywords = {Earthquake prediction,Natural Time analysis,Seismic Electric Signals (SES)}, title_fa = {بررسی زمان وقوع زلزله به کمک تحلیل زمان طبیعی برای زلزله‌ی 5/5 ریشتری جمهوری آذربایجان}, abstract_fa = {زلزله به عنوان یکی از بلایای طبیعی، از نظر جانی و مالی همواره خطری برای جوامع بشری محسوب می‌شود؛ به همین دلیل، تلاش برای پیش‌بینی زلزله به عنوان یکی از راه‌کارهای مقابله با زلزله همواره مورد توجه بوده است. از طرفی کشور ایران با قرارگیری در کمربند کوهزایی آلپ- هیمالیا که یکی از لرزه‌خیزترین مناطق جهان است، از نظر لرزه‌خیزی در وضعیت لرزه خیزی شدید قرار دارد. یکی از موفق‌ترین پیش‌نشانگرهای کوتاه-مدت زلزله، سیگنال‌های الکتریکی لرزه‌ای (SES) است که روش VAN نامیده شده است. در این ارتباط از اوایل سال 1393 ایستگاه‌هایی جهت ثبت و پایش سیگنال‌های الکتریکی لرزه‌ای در شمال‌غرب ایران نصب گردیده است. با دریافت و تحلیل این سیگنال‌ها، می‌توان بزرگا، رومرکز و زمان زلزله‌ی قریب‌الوقوع را تعیین کرد. این پژوهش به بررسی SES دریافت شده در تاریخ 16 مرداد 1394 و چگونگی انجام تحلیل‌های زمان طبیعی جهت پی بردن به زمان وقوع زلزله‌ی پیش رو در بازه‌ی زمانی کمتر از یک هفته می‌پردازد. نتایج تحلیل‌های زمان طبیعی نشان داد که این سامانه در تاریخ 12 شهریور 1394 به مرحله‌ی بحرانی رسیده است و متعاقباً در صبح 13 شهریور 1394 زلزله‌ی اصلی این سامانه به بزرگای 5/5 ریشتر در منطقه‌ی ائقوز جمهوری آذربایجان و در فاصله‌ی 310 کیلومتری از ایستگاه اسپیران به وقوع پیوست. نکته‌ی مهم در این رابطه این است که در فاصله‌ی زمانی 6 ماه پیش و 6 ماه پس از این زلزله، هیچ زلزله‌ی بزرگتر از 5 ریشتری در منطقه مورد مطالعه رخ نداده است؛ که خود تأییدی بر اتفاقی نبودن این پیش‌بینی است.}, keywords_fa = {پیش‌بینی زلزله,تحلیل زمان طبیعی,سیگنال‌های الکتریکی لرزه‌ای (SES)}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97450.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97450_9b1ecaa0e4593fe99e085a188b74780c.pdf} } @article { author = {zaheri abdehvand, nazanin and Rasa, iraj and Hassanpour, shohreh}, title = {Geologiy and isotopic geochemistry of the Haftcheshmeh Cu-Mo porphyry deposit, implication of the Sr-Nd-Pb-S-O-H isotopes}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {213-234}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.11.4.213}, abstract = {Introduction The Haftcheshmeh porphyry Cu–Mo deposit is located in the NW part of the Arasbaran Metallogenic-magmatic zone (AMZ), NW Iran. The (AMZ), located in the southernmost of Lesser Caucasus subduction zone, extends from NW Iran to Armenia and Azerbaijan (Hassanpour et al., 2015). The Haftcheshmeh Cu–Mo porphyry deposit was developed synchronously with the emplacement of the Oligo-Miocene Haftcheshmeh porphyries, ranging in composition from gabbro-diorite to granodiorite. Based on the detailed field and petrography studies, four alteration zones from center to outward have been recognized in the Haftcheshmeh deposit, including early potassic and peripheral propylitic alterations, successively followed by sericitic and locally argillic alteration zones. According to the mineralogical, textural, and crosscutting relation of the quartz veins, three hypogene hydrothermal alteration-mineralization have been recognized. Stages I and II are associated with potassic alteration zone; and stage III is associated with sericite alteration zone. The purpose of this paper is to determine the characteristics and origin of the ore-bearing fluids, with particular focus on the results of S-O-H stable isotopes of the hydrothermal sulfide ores, phyllosilicate minerals (biotite and sericite) given from potassic and sericite alteration zones. The whole rock Sr-Nd-Pb radiogenic isotopes were undertaken to elucidate the possible origin of the parental magma of the ore-bearing Haftcheshmeh porphyries. Materials and methodsMore than 100 polished and thin sections from mineralized gabbro-diorite and granodiorite porphyries bore hole samples were studied by petrographic and mineralogical methods at the Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran. Two biotites from stage II; and five sericites from stage III and ten sulfide minerals (eight pyrite and two chalcopyrite) were separated from quartz–sulfide veinlets of II and III mineralization stages. They were used for δ18O, δD and δ34S stable isotope analysis; which was performed at the geochemistry and isotopic research Laboratory of British Colombia, Canada, using a Finnigan MAT 252 mass spectrometer. Whole-rock Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of the two least altered gabbro-diorite and granodiorite porphyries were performed at the geochemistry and isotopic research Laboratory of British Colombia, Canada, using Nu Multi-Collector Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer; (TIMS).Results and discussionThe calculated aqueous fluids δ18OH2O and δDH2O values of water in equilibrium with biotite samples range from +8.3‰ to +6 and from –76 to –74‰ respectively. The calculated δ18OH2O and δDH2O values of water in equilibrium with sericite samples range from 5.6 to 8.3 ‰ in δ18OH2O and from –100 to –84‰ in δDH2O, respectively. The δ34S values of pyrite and chalcopyrite from stage II range from -5.4 to -3.7 (n=4), and -3.2‰ (n=1) respectively, and δ34S values of pyrite and chalcopyrite from stage III range from +0.9 to +3.1 (n=3) and +0.7 (n=1), respectively. Gabbro-diorite and granodiorite samples at Haftcheshmeh have an initial 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb ratios, and εNd (t) values between 0.7044-0.7046; 0.5128-0.51277; 18.8-18.93; 15.60-15.61; 38.8-39 and +2.7 to +2.6, respectively.The δ18OH2O and δDH2O1 values of the biotite samples from stage II with potassic alteration halo and sericite samples from stage III, indicate that the initial ore-forming fluids were from a magmatic dominated origin and then mixed with a low component of the meteoric water. The δ34S values of pyrite and chalcopyrite minerals reflected a homogeneous magmatic and mantle-dominated sulfur source. The Pb isotopic compositions of the Haftcheshmeh porphyries show a relatively uniform magmatic origin during the compressional regime. Whole-rock initial 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd isotopic ratios and positive ɛNd(t) values indicated that the adakite-like Haftcheshmeh porphyries were generated from a dominantly depleted mantle-derived, thickened lower crust source, which was consequently contaminated by upper crustal materials during the ascent and crystallization of magma.ConclusionsThree alteration and Cu-Mo mineralization stages associated with potassic and sericite alteration zones of the gabbro-diorite to granodiorite phases have been recognized in the Haftcheshmeh porphyry deposit. The measured and calculated δ18O and δD values of the potassic to sericite minerals from stage II to III reflected that the magmatic hydrothermal fluids were progressively mixed with a meteoric water influx. The δ34S and the calculated δ34SH2S values of pyrite and chalcopyrite sulfides from stage II and III reflected that the magmatic sulfur and physico-chemicals contributed to sulfide mineral formation. The homogenous whole rocks 143Nd/144Nd, 87Sr/86Sr and initial Pb isotopes ratios of the gabbro-diorite to granodioritic porphyries indicated that the primary magmas were generated from a dominantly depleted mantle-derived, thickened, lower crust source. It was consequently contaminated by upper crustal materials either at the magma source or during the ascent and crystallization of magma during the compressional regime.}, keywords = {O-D-S stable isotopes,Whole rock Sr-Nd-Pb radioisotopes,Arasbaran magmatic zone,Porphyry Cu-Mo deposit}, title_fa = {زمین‌شناسی و ژئوشیمی ایزوتوپی کانسار Cu-Mo پورفیری هفت‌چشمه با تکیه بر نتایج ایزوتوپ‌های Sr–Nd–Pb-S-O-H}, abstract_fa = {کانه‌زایی Cu-Mo پورفیری در کانسار هفت‌چشمه واقع در شمال‌غربی زون فلززایی- ماگمایی ارسباران، شمال-غرب ایران مرتبط با نفوذ توده نفوذی گرانودیوریتی به ‌درون توده پورفیری گابرودیوریتی می‌باشد. براساس مطالعات کانی‌شناسی، روابط بافتی و متقاطع رگه‌های کوارتز سولفیددار، فرایندهای دگرسانی و کانه‌زایی هیپوژن Cu-Mo در این کانسار به سه مرحله کانه‌زاییI  وII  همراه با دگرسانی پتاسیک و مرحله کانه‌زایی III همراه با زون دگرسانی سریسیتی تقسیم‌بندی شده‌اند. مقادیر محاسبه‌شده سیال-δ18O و سیال-δD کانی‌های بیوتیت در تعادل با سیال گرمابی به‌ترتیب 3/8+ تا 6+ پرمیل و 76- تا 74- پرمیل نشان‌گر منشاء ماگمایی سیالات سازنده هاله‌های دگرسانی پتاسیک احاطه‌کننده مرحله II کانه‌زایی می‌باشد. مقادیر محاسبه‌شده سیال-δ18O و سیال-δD کانی‌های سریسیت در تعادل با سیال گرمابی به ‌ترتیب 9/7+ تا 6/5+ پرمیل و 100- پرمیل تا 84- پرمیل نشان-گر مشارکت بسیار کم آب‌های سطحی با سیالات ماگمایی در تشکیل هاله‌های دگرسانی سریسیتی می‌باشد. محدوده تغییرات مقادیر δ34S ایزوتوپ‌های گوگرد کانه‌های پیریت و کالکوپیریت در مراحل کانه‌زایی II و III کانسار هفت‌چشمه به‌ترتیب بین 4/5- تا 2/3- پرمیل و 1/3+ تا 7/0+ پرمیل نشان‌دهنده منشاء ماگمایی گوگرد در کانه‌های سولفیدی و تغییرات فیزیکوشیمیایی سیالات کانه‌زا در این مراحل کانه‌زایی می‌باشد. مقادیر همگن و محدوده باریک تغییرات نسبت‌های ایزوتوپی سنگ‌کل 143Nd/144Nd، 87Sr/86Sr، εNd و 206Pb/204Pb، 204Pb/204Pb و 208Pb/204Pb توده‌های پورفیری گابرودیوریت و گرانودیوریت به‌ترتیب 512773/0- 512776/0، 7044/0-7046/0، 6/2+ 7/2+، 82/18-93/18، 60/15-61-15 و 90/38-39 نشانگر تشکیل این توده‌ها در اثر ذوب بخشی پوسته زیرین ضخیم‌شده منشاء گرفته از گوشته تهی‌شده، در رژیم تکتونیکی فشارشی و سپس آغشتگی با مواد پوسته بالایی در طی صعود و تبلور ماگما می‌باشند.}, keywords_fa = {ایزوتوپ‌های پایدار δ18O,δD و δ34S,ایزوتوپ‌های ناپایدار سنگ‌کل 143Nd/144Nd,87Sr/86Sr و 206Pb/204Pb,زون فلززایی- ماگمایی ارسباران,کانسار Cu-Mo پورفیری}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97456.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97456_d608a8fb7b5ec63cc80f6a7f6014d7d0.pdf} } @article { author = {Ebrahimnia, Vahide and Talebkhah, Hamid}, title = {Integrated water resource management in North Khorsan province; application of the social network analysis to find out the potentials and constrains}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {235-258}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.11.4.235}, abstract = {IntroductionScarcity of water resources has recently become a global concern. Iran is mainly located in an arid and semi-arid region and has always faced low rainfall and limited water resources. North Khorasan province is also located in the arid and semi-arid region of Iran. Statistics show a decrease in rainfall and depletion of renewable water resources in this province in recent years. As a result, water resource management will be needed to cope with the crisis. Studies have shown that water issues are multi-level, multi-territory, multidisciplinary and multi-factor. Therefore fragmented and sectoral policymaking and decision-making, competing and sometimes conflicting goals are common features of water management in different countries. This will not be responsive to current water management requirements. In response to this challenge, the “integrated water resources management approach” has been raised as a way to engage multiple stakeholders in different functions, different territorial levels and multiple time periods. As a result, identifying the potentials and constraints of a water management structure for launching an integrated water resources management approach will provide the basis of responding to water scarcity. This approach focuses on concepts such as decentralization, financial and economic stability, participation, transparency and local management.Material and methodsThe objective of this paper is to identify the stakeholders involved in water management in North Khorasan province and to measure their cohesion and integration as the potentials, and their conflicts as the constraints of launching integrated water management approach. In order to achieve this objective, the "social (stakeholder) network analysis" method has been adapted and UCINET6 software was used in five steps: one, identifying the stakeholders involved in the management of North Khorasan water resources; two, dividing the provincial official decision-making actors involved in the province's water resources management into three subgroups of development, conservation, and intermediary institutions; three, network data collection using a communication / conflict questionnaire among the stakeholders involved in water management in North Khorasan Province; four, entering the data collected through a questionnaire into UCINET6 software and converting the relationship and the conflict matrix of stakeholders into the final matrix (including zero and one elements); five, calculating the indicators of different levels of the network and drawing the graph of the interactions among the actors involved in the software environment.Results and discussionThe results of this analysis show that the North Khorasan Provincial Government and the Regional-Water Company have the highest in-degree centrality and closeness centrality. This means these two are key stakeholders of the water resource network of the province. The results of the analysis at the middle level of network show that the organizational cohesion/ integration of the network in conservation institutions is higher than the other subgroups, still it is far from optimal level. In contrast the inter-group conflicts in this subgroup and the intermediary subgroup were low. The level of inter-group and out-group conflicts are very high in the developmental subgroup, as they seek to develop their own sectoral goals and policies which are in conflict with the conservation institutions’ ones. In addition, the level of organizational cohesion or integration, the speed of information flow and the level of participation across the entire network of water management stakeholders in North Khorasan province is low.ConclusionBased on the analysis of the network of the stakeholders involved in water management in the North Khorasan Province, it can be said that the sectoral structure of the administration of the country and consequently North Khorasan province results in low integration and coherence among the stakeholders. Also it leads to low participation of all stakeholders due to the lack of appropriate legal and institutional mechanisms. The lack of communication links between the several powerful stakeholders are the most important constraints and the existence of councils and committees such as the Water Resources Conservation Council, and the Drinking Water Safety Committee are among the most important potentials for launching an integrated water resource management approach in North Khorasan Province.}, keywords = {North Khorasan Province,Network analysis,Stakeholders,Integrated water resources management}, title_fa = {مدیریت یکپارچه منابع آب در استان خراسان شمالی؛ به‌کارگیری روش تحلیل شبکه برای یافتن فرصت‌ها و بازدارنده‌ها}, abstract_fa = {به‌دلیل قرارگیری ایران در منطقه خشک و محدودیت منابع آب آن، مدیریت منابع آب یکی از ضروری‌ترین موضوعات مورد بحث درکشور است. استان خراسان شمالی نیز در منطقه خشک و نیمه‌خشک کشور قرار دارد که کمبود منابع آب تجدیدپذیر از ویژگی‌های آن است. مطالعات انجام شده نشان از این دارد که مدیریت آب در کشورهای مختلف با چالش سیاست‌گذاری و تصمیم‌گیری چندپاره و بخشی، اهداف رقابتی و گاه متضاد روبه‌رو است در پاسخ به این چالش، «رویکرد مدیریت یکپارچه منابع آب» به‌عنوان راهی برای درگیرکردن ذی‌نفعان در عملکردهای گوناگون، سطوح قلمرویی متفاوت و در دوره‌های زمانی چندگانه در مدیریت منابع آب مطرح شده است. در این چارچوب، این مقاله هدف اصلی خود را بر شناسایی این ذی‌نفعان و اندازه‌گیری میزان انسجام و یکپارچگی آن‌ها متمرکز کرده است و برای دستیابی به این هدف از روش «تحلیل شبکه ذی‌نفعان» در مدیریت منابع طبیعی با به‌کارگیری نرم‌افزار UCINET6 استفاده می‌کند. نتایج تحلیل در این روش نشان از این دارد که شرکت آب منطقه‌ای و استانداری استان خراسان شمالی دارای بالاترین درجه مرکزیت ورودی بوده و در نتیجه ذی‌نفع کلیدی محسوب می‌شوند. نتایج سطح میانی تحلیل مربوط به میان‌کنش‌های میان ذی‌نفعان نشان می-دهد که یکپاچگی و انسجام در زیرگروه حفاظتی بیشتر از سایر زیرگروه‌ها است و بیشترین کشمکش‌ها نیز بین نهادهای توسعه‌ای و نهادهای حفاظتی استان قابل ردیابی است. در تحلیل شاخص‌های کلان شبکه نیز شاخص تراکم شبکه (معادل با 34 درصد) نشان‌دهنده سطح پایین یکپارچگی و انسجام سازمانی در کل شبکه ذی‌نفعان استان است.}, keywords_fa = {استان خراسان شمالی,تحلیل شبکه,ذی‌نفعان,مدیریت یکپارچه منابع آب}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97459.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_97459_5e29a3ed411ce3402b9e2364e7b00b68.pdf} }