@article { author = {Ghaderi, Esmaeil and aarabi, Seyed Sepehr}, title = {Achieving sustainable development through urban tourism (case study: Zirab city)}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {1-18}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.12.2.1}, abstract = {IntroductionToday, tourism has gained more and more importance as one of the rapidly growing economic sectors and it has become a fundamental source and driver of socio-economic development in many cities, both in developed and developing countries. Tourism allows sustainable employment and enhancement of the quality of life. However, Iranian cities have not yet succeeded in making use of the resources and potentials of tourism, in spite of all ancient heritage and numerous unique natural attractions. The present study aims to provide a pattern for tourism development and sustainability by using quantitative methods (T test, Friedman, binomial, Wilcoxon, Pearson, Path Analysis) as well as SWOT and QSPM techniques to evaluate factors affecting tourism in the city of Zirab, north of Iran (as a case study). In the next step the relationship between tourism with urban sustainability is analyzed.Methods and MaterialsThe research method is descriptive and analytical and in terms of purpose it is applied -developmental. The method of data collection is document study and field survey. We have used questionnaire, observation and experts’ views on tourism planning, through field surveys. In library studies, all the documents related to the subject of the research have been investigated. The data of the questionnaire was analyzed by SPSS software using T-test. Research indicators consist of economics, social, managerial-institutional and environmental dimensions.Discussion and ConclusionThe results show that the unique natural and social attractions and cultural traditions of Zirab and its location (this city is located in the tourism axis of Tehran – Mazandaran) are the most important positive factors (strengths and opportunities) affecting the tourism of this city. On the contrary, lack of integrated tourism management, changes in use of agricultural land due to the development of villa construction, poor marketing and advertising in the tourism sector, the risk of increasing natural hazards due to human intervention in nature, the prevalence of construction in pristine areas, increased traffic and contamination caused by passengers and the presence of strong regional rivals in the tourism sector are the most important negative factors affecting this city. In addition, analyses showed that although tourism had positive impacts on Zirab city in most management, physical and economic variables, it has caused major environmental problems such as change of use and increased pollution. Also, real estate prices have increased and since the physical development has occurred in this city as a result of the construction of villas in pristine areas, the historical and cultural heritage of the city has declined and traffic congestion has increased.ResultsConsidering the multidimensionality of these problems which are mostly derived from the current structural activities as well as the way tourism is developing, it is recommended that a link be established between ecotourism, structural elements of Zirab city and sustainable tourism development approach, which eventually lead to the urban sustainability. Within this linked network, tourism development can play a significant role in Zirab sustainability, since it is not a partial approach. Tourism is clearly linked to the place where it occurs and it will establish relationships with local resources, activities, products, corps and services. At the same time it will result in local people’s participation in both planning and development of tourism in Zirab City.}, keywords = {Tourism,Sustainable development,zirab city}, title_fa = {نیل به توسعه پایدار از رهگذر گردشگری شهری مورد پژوهی: شهر زیراب}, abstract_fa = {گردشگری به عنوان یکی از مولفههای اثرگذار بر رشد و توسعه اقتصادی در ادبیات جهان شناخته شده است.مدیران و برنامهریزان همواره در پی سیاستگذاری برای بهرهگیری از مزایای گردشگری و کاهش آسیبها آنبودهاند. از این رو پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزیابی گردشگری و نقش آن به دنبال بررسی تاثیرات مثبت و منفیگردشگری بر ابعاد گوناگون پایداری شهری به ویژه شهرهای کوچک است. بنابراین شهر کوچک زیر آب به دلیلوجود پتانسیلهای طبیعی و تاریخی با وجود مشکلات پیش رو برای توسعه گردشگری پایدار به عنوان نمونهمورد مطالعه انتخاب شده است. روش پژوهش، پیمایشی و دادهها از طریق پرسشنامه کارشناسان جمعآوریشده است. نتایج پژوهش در سطح کارشناسان (10 نفر) بیانگر تاثیر متفاوت (مثبت یا منفی) گردشگری در ابعادپایداری شهری است. افزایش قیمت زمین و مسکن و در نتیجه هزینههای خانوار، تغییر کاربری اراضی کشاورزیو تراکم و شلوغی و گسترش فیزیکی شهر از پیامدهای منفی و رشد اقتصادی و اشتغال، کاهش فقر، توجه بهثروت اکولوژیکی و فرهنگ محلی، سرمایهگذاری و گسترش خدمات و ارائه آن به مسافران و گردشگران از اثراتمثبت گردشگری در شهر زیر آب بوده است. افزون بر آن تحلیل نظر ساکنان (100 نفر) به صورت معادلاتساختاری تببین شده است که تحلیل این مدل بیانگر تاثیر بیشتر گردشگری بر بعد کالبدی و اجتماعی شهربوده است. }, keywords_fa = {توسعه پایدار,شهر زیراب,گردشگری شهری}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_101036.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_101036_7d1044ac8046aed19f4b3a94b4f54e90.pdf} } @article { author = {Yousefzadeh, Zohreh and Noori Kermani, Ali and Hataminejad, Hossein}, title = {Assessing the quality of life by emphasizing urban regeneration from the viewpoint of urban authorities (case study: Tehran municipality's 15th region)}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {19-35}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.12.2.19}, abstract = {IntroductionLife in today's cities is formed by interactions among different environmental, social, economic, infrastructural, health, security, political, and cultural conditions. The result of these interactions shape the quality of urban life. The quality of life is the better living conditions in which balance, harmony, desirability and fair equality are institutionalized. In general, the quality of life is evaluated by two objective and subjective perspectives. Mental indicators are mainly based on psychological responses and objective indicators are based on the measurement of physical quantities. One of the most important topics considered by managers and urban planners is the discussion of achieving urban welfare and improving citizens’ life quality.The importance of this research is that, it examines the views and performance of authoritiesand urban managers of Tehran’s 15th region, on the level of citizens' satisfaction with the quality of life in the region.Study AreaThe study area of region 15 of Tehran includes 7 districts and 20 neighborhoods. From the north it is confined by Ghasre-Firoozeh, Ahang highway, Khavaran and Shoush Sharghi avenues and from the west by Fadaiyan Islam Avenue. It stretches from the south to Dolatabad Avenue, Bibi Shahrbanu Mountain and Cement Factory, and from the east to the eastern mountains of Tehran and the eastern part of the Afsariyeh lands.Materials and MethodsIn this study, two hypothesis were proposed to study the life quality of citizens in region 15. The statistical population included 50 authorities and senior urban managers in region 15 of Tehran. Data gathering has been done by questionnaire with a field method. Then, the hypotheses were tested by Pearson correlation test, T-test andCanonicalcorrelation analysis.Results and DiscussionFirst hypothesis, as stated in H1 or Hypothesis 1, implies a significant relationship between the dimensions of sustainable regeneration and urban quality of life in Tehran's 15th region. According to the obtained results, the intensity of the correlation is 0.83, the R-Square coefficient is 0.68 and the direction and type of correlation is positive and strong. Therefore it can be concluded that approximately 68% of the impact on the quality of urban life is related to the dimensions of sustainable regeneration (socio-cultural, economic, physical, management and environmental); because the significance level is less than 0.05 score, then H0 is rejected and the first hypothesis and H1 are confirmed.Second hypothesis, as mentioned in H1 or hypothesis 1, the improvement measures carried out in Region 15 were mainly physical and did not improve the quality of citizens’ life. According to the obtained results, Significance levels (sig) are less than 0.05 score; the mean (independent variable) of physical regeneration is 9.46 and the mean (dependent variable) of physical component of quality of life is 22.18. Also, the mean (independent variable) of environmental regeneration is 14.50 and the mean (dependent variable) of environmental quality component of life quality, is equal to 30.52. Therefore, the mean of the environmental components in the two variables (independent and dependent) are higher than their physical components. Since the upper and lower limits of the test are all positive, so H0 is confirmed and the second hypothesis and H1 are rejected.ConclusionAccording to result, the authorities believe that the quality level of citizens’ life in the region is absolute, and they consider their urban management method as appropriate and desirable. So, according to the research achievements, the following items are proposed to improve the citizens’ quality of life:A) Economic dimension:Creating sustainable employment opportunities & increasing per capita income in low quality areas, using the capacities of the private sector or charities to create small businesses for families. This can largely provide income for families.B) Social dimension:Establishment of training classes for various trades and employment, as well as the formation of local associations to facilitate solving the problems of the citizens.C) Physical dimension:Dedicating resources for education, health, infrastructure services, etc. for low quality areas of the region.D) Environmental dimension:Seeking the views of locals, especially local experts and elites, in order to come up with effective solutions for improving quality of the environment for citizens.}, keywords = {urban regeneration,Quality of life,Urban Authorities,Region 15,Tehran}, title_fa = {سنجش سطح کیفیت زندگی با تاکید بر بازآفرینی شهری از دیدگاه مسئولین شهری (مطالعه موردی: منطقه پانزده شهرداری تهران)}, abstract_fa = {در مباحث برنامه‌ریزی شهری، کیفیت زندگی و ارزیابی شاخص­های آن یکی از ضروری‌ترین جنبه‌های مطالعاتی ‌است. به نحوی که شاخص کیفیت زندگی به عنوان عامل اساسی جهت سنجش توانایی‌های مدیران و تصمیم‌گیران شهری و نیز نظارت بر عملکرد اجرایی آنان تبدیل شده است. مدیران شهری با هدف ارتقای ‌کیفیت زندگی شهروندان، ‌به نوسازی و بهسازی مناطق شهری اقدام می­نمایند، یکی از راه‏حل­های آنان جهت ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی و رفاه شهروندی و تحقق نیازهای اجتماعی به کارگیری رویکرد بازآفرینی شهری است. این پژوهش به ‌روش توصیفی - ‌تحلیلی است. جمع‌آوری اطلاعات اسنادی - میدانی و با استفاده از پرسشنامه در طیف لیکرت 5 گزینه‌ای می‌باشد. جامعه آماری 50 نفر از مدیران و مسئولین ارشد شهرداری منطقه 15 تهران که ‌دیدگاه خود را درخصوص40 پرسش نسبت به سطح کیفیت زندگی شهروندان منطقه 15بیان داشته‌اند. جهت تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون همبستگی‌ پیرسون، رگرسیون‌خطی آزمون تی تک نمونه­ای، و آزمون همبستگی کانونی استفاده شده است. طبق نتایج از میان متغیرهای مستقل(ابعاد بازآفرینی پایدار)، بیشترین تأثیر برکیفیت زندگی در بعد اقتصادی مؤلفه‌ "کارآفرینی" با 86/0= β، و در رتبه دوم بعد کالبدی مؤلفه‌ "شبکه دسترسی­ها و اتصالات شهری" با 83/0 = β، و نیز بعد مدیریتی مؤلفه‌های "اعتمادسازی" با 82/0= β، و سومین رتبه بعد اجتماعی مؤلفه‌ "مشارکت" با 81/0 = β، می‌باشند. مسئولین معتقدند سطح کیفیت زندگی شهروندان منطقه مطلوب است و همچنین‌ آنان از نحوه نظارت، اجرا دستورالعمل­ها و قوانین شهری در منطقه رضایت کامل داشته‌ و شیوه مدیریت شهری خود را مناسب و مطلوب می‌دانند.}, keywords_fa = {بازآفرینی شهری,تهران,کیفیت زندگی,مسئولین شهری,منطقه پانزده}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100924.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100924_4a6704408f90d43bc0d47ba6aee1f4d7.pdf} } @article { author = {Zandi, Rahman and Entezari, Alireza and Baaghide, Mohammad and Khosravian, Maryam}, title = {Evaluation of drought and its effects on vegetation in southern regions of Iran}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {36-49}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.12.2.36}, abstract = {IntroductionClimate is one of the most important factors affecting vegetation conditions. The spatial distribution of vegetation is closely related to climatic conditions. One of the main features of the Inner Plateau of Iran is its categorization in the dry belt of continental Europe and Asia (Eurasia). This feature and the occurrence of drought due to the unevenness and climate has always had a significant impact on the occurrence of desert characteristics. Drought is the amount of rainfall deviation of one year in a place, compared to the long-term average rainfall in the same place. In areas with low and non-uniform rainfall, the effects of drought are intensive, especially on water resources, agriculture and vegetation. Drought indices are mathematical equations that report drought as a numerical value of one or more variables such as rainfall and evapotranspiration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in vegetation cover in southern Iran (Khuzestan, Fars, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Bushehr, Hormozgan and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces) during the period 2008 to 2017 and its relationship with the drought index in the years studied.Materials and methodsIn this research, MODIS satellite image has been used as an image with low terrestrial resolution and high temporal resolution.Normalized Differential Plant Index NDVI, is one of the most famous and simple plant indicators used, which is based on two red bands. Near infrared is defined as follows:NDVI= (NER – RED)/ (NER + RED) Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), in this case is the standardized rainfall index used to calculate the probability of rainfall occurrence for all time scales, but is mostly used in the time scales of 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 months and is one of the most important global indicators for drought.Discussion and conclusionThe amount of poor vegetation in 2008 was 8302.66 hectares, but in 2017, it decreased to 3436.10 hectares. In general, the average rainfall in the southern regions of the country is 216.03 mm. Studies show that the highest rainfall belongs to Hormozgan province with 326.02 and then Khuzestan and Fars with 305.51 and 286.5 mm respectively and the lowest rainfall, belongs to Kerman and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces with 136.51 and 103.45 mm, respectively. In 2008, southern Iran experienced moderate drought conditions. Drought has been more paramount in Khuzestan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. In some parts of Hormozgan province, drought conditions have been more normal and wet. In 2009, the situation in the whole study area has become more normal and according to the SPI index is close to normal. In order to investigate the amount of vegetation lost, land use changes in the period (2017-2001) were reviewed and the results were presented. According to the results, the vegetation has decreased 138418.4 km from 2008 to 2017 and the amount of agricultural lands has decreased 8155.63 km. Arid land has also increased significantly from 70.9797341 km in 2008 to 2896724.66 km in 2017.ResultsThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between satellite indices (vegetation parameter) and moving averages of SPI index (climate parameter). According to the results, it can be acknowledged that vegetation parameters have always been affected by climate and parameters affecting it. Therefore, it is certain that in the future, by quantitatively detailed examining of the parameters of vegetation (such as canopy, density, etc.) and climate (such as temperature, humidity, etc.), in the long run, drought warning systems can be established in order to reduce the damage of drought.}, keywords = {Drought,vegetation,Southern regions of Iran,Solidarity}, title_fa = {ارزیابی خشکسالی و تأثیرات آن بر پوشش گیاهی در مناطق جنوبی ایران}, abstract_fa = {تحلیل خشکسالی و پارامترهای متأثر بر آن با استفاده از اطلاعات سنجش از دور توانمندی بالایی برای بهبود دانش علمی در مورد خصوصیات خشکسالی و تأثیرات این پدیده بر روی پوشش گیاهی دارد. تحقیق پیش رو با هدف بررسی ارتباط میان شاخص‌های ماهواره‌ای و شاخص SPI در نواحی جنوبی کشور ایران می‌باشد. بدین منظور ابتدا شاخص SPI در منطقه مورد مطالعه شامل (استان‌های خوزستان، فارس، کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، چهارمحال و بختیاری، بوشهر، هرمزگان و سیستان و بلوچستان) مورد محاسبه قرار گرفت، سپس نقشه‌های پهنه‌بندی با استفاده از مکانیزم پهنه‌بندی کریجینگ تهیه گردید. در مرحله بعد شاخص SPI در منطقه مورد مطالعه مورد محاسبه قرار گرفت، سپس نقشه‌های پهنه‌بندی با استفاده از مکانیزم پهنه‌بندی کریجینگ تهیه گردید. در نهایت به منظور بررسی ارتباط میان شاخص‌های تصاویر ماهواره‌ای با شاخص SPI از ضرایب همبستگی استفاده گردید. پوشش گیاهی طی سال‌های 2008 تا 2017 به میزان قابل توجهی کاهش یافته و به اراضی بایر و یا پوشش گیاهی ضعیف تبدیل شده است. پوشش گیاهی از غرب به شرق منطقه مورد مطالعه کاهش یافته است. در نهایت بین شاخص‌های مذکور همبستگی گرفته شد. نتایج حاصل از همبستگی بیانگر روند کاهشی می‌باشد و بیانگر کاهش میزان پوشش گیاهی با افزایش میزان خشکسالی می‌باشد.}, keywords_fa = {پوشش گیاهی,جنوب ایران,خشکسالی,همبستگی}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100781.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100781_8181a426978230dcd20ea4469a6daca7.pdf} } @article { author = {Samadi, Ahmad and Bazgeer, Saied and Khoshakhlaq, Faramarz}, title = {Monitoring soil moisture at the growth stages of rain-fed wheat using meteorological and remote sensing indices}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {50-63}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.12.2.50}, abstract = {Introduction Drought has a huge impact on crop production. Therefore, a better understanding of drought and other atmospheric phenomena is important in order to reduce the damage caused by them. In Iran, most of the studies related to agricultural drought is carried out using remote sensing data due to the lack of in-situ soil moisture data. In fact, because of shortage of soil moisture data alongside a reasonable spatial distribution across the country, the researches pertaining to agricultural drought have been conducted less comparing to meteorological and hydrological drought. However, a few attempts were made to monitor agricultural drought by some researchers in Iran. This study aimed to monitor soil moisture at different depths using in-situ together with remotely-sensed data in Neyshabur City. In addition, the impact of soil moisture on rain-fed wheat yield in different crop growth stages was investigated.Materials and MethodsNeyshabur city with an area of 869843.23 ha is extended from center to northwest of Khorasan Razavi province. It is in the neighborhood of Torbat Heydariyeh and Kashmar counties from the south, Sabzevar from the west, Faroj and Quchan from the north and Mashhad and Chenaran from the east. Its’ geographical location ranges from 35° 30 ʹ to 36° 59ʹ N latitudes and 57° 40ʹ to 59° 30 ʹ E longitudes. Farmers cultivate rain-fed wheat in early November and harvest it in late June. The observed data of rain-fed wheat growth stages from Neyishabur agrometeorological research station of 2010-2011 to 2014-2014 were used. The start and end dates of wheat growth stages of Sardari cultivar, together with measured biometric variables were used for further statistical analysis.In addition, measured soil moisture was used at different depths of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 70 cm, in a weekly base during 2010-2011 to 2013-2014. To investigate the impact of meteorological variables on wheat yield, the drought indices, including Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were calculated. Moreover, remotely-sensed based indices, including Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) were derived from different bandwidths of TM, ETM+ and OLI sensors of Landsat satellite. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient to find out the correlation among variables. Besides, the simple regression analysis was carried out to calculate the relationship between soil moisture at different depths and meteorological and remote sensing indices. The impact of soil moisture on rain-fed wheat yield was investigated using statistical regression analysis. The statistical analysis was carried out for three wheat growth stages including primary stage (from germination to four leaf), intermediate stage (from tillering to stem elongation) and final growth stage (from booting to physiological maturity).Results and DiscussionThe results revealed that the maximum and minimum NDVI values during December (germination and four leaf growth stages) were 0.769 and -0.355 in 2011-12 and 2010-11, respectively. It is interesting that wheat yield was 1645 and 3845 kg/ha in 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively, which correspond to mentioned NDVI values. In addition, the maximum and minimum range of NDVI variations for whole growing season were for 2013-14 and 2011-12 with maximum and minimum wheat yield, respectively (3845 and 1645 kg/ha). Therefore, it could be partly due to appropriate temporal distribution of precipitation and partly because of adequate soil moisture at crop root zone at germination and four leaf growth stages.The statistical regression analysis showed that soil moisture in 10 cm depth had a significant positive correlation with NDVImax and SPEI, with correlation coefficients of 0.595 and 0.780, respectively. In other words, 35 and 61 percent of variations of 10 cm soil moisture depth were accounted for NDVImax and SPEI, respectively. The results showed that, the relationship between rain-fed wheat yield and soil moisture depths was non-significant at different crop growth stages. Although, it should be noted that the April precipitation was important for soil moisture variations and consequently for rain-fed wheat yield. It coincided with start of booting stage of crop.ConclusionsThe results of this study revealed that NDVImax and SPEI had the most significant correlations with soil moisture at 10 cm depth. However, no significant relationships were found among soil moisture at 20, 30, 40, 50, and 70 cm depths with meteorological and remote sensing indices.}, keywords = {Agricultural Drought,Neyshabur,Rain-fed Wheat,Soil Moisture}, title_fa = {پایش رطوبت خاک در مراحل رشد گندم دیم به کمک نمایه‌های هواشناسی و سنجش از دور}, abstract_fa = {در ایران به دلیل کمبود داده­های رطوبت اعماق خاک با توزیع مکانی مناسب، تحقیقات مرتبط با خشکسالی کشاورزی و پایش رطوبت خاک نسبت به خشکسالی از نوع هواشناسی و آب­شناسی کمتر انجام شده است. هدف اصلی از تحقیق حاضر پایش رطوبت خاک در اعماق 10 ، 20، 30، 40، 50 و 70 سانتی­متری به کمک داده­های زمینی و سنجش از دور در مراحل رشد گندم دیم (جوانه­زنی تا 4 برگی، ساقه­دهی و شکم پر تا رسیدگی کامل) در شهرستان نیشابور بوده است. اثر نوسانات رطوبت خاک روی عملکرد گندم دیم در مراحل رشد نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. به همین منظور تاریخ­های دیدبانی شده مراحل رشد گندم دیم در ایستگاه تحقیقات هواشناسی کشاورزی نیشابور طی سال­های زراعی 1390-1389 تا 1393-1392 و متغیرهای هواشناسی به همراه نمایه­­های SPI، SPEI، NDVI، VCI و TCI مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان دادند که تنها رطوبت عمق 10 سانتی­متری خاک با نمایه­های NDVImax (r=0.595) و SPEI (r=0.780) ارتباط معنی­دار داشته است. براساس نتایج به دست آمده، 35 و 61 درصد تغییرات رطوبت عمق 10 سانتی­متری خاک به ترتیب به کمک NDVImax و SPEI قابل توجیه بوده است. در خصوص تغییرات عملکرد گندم دیم با رطوبت اعماق خاک هر چند روابط معنی­داری حاصل نشد، اما نتایج بیانگر اهمیت بارش­های فروردین ماه در نوسانات رطوبت خاک و متعاقب آن عملکرد گندم دیم در نیشابور می­باشد. در پایان می­توان نمایه­هایNDVImax  و SPEI را به دلیل ماهیت ذاتی مؤلفه­های دخیل در محاسبه آن­ها، به عنوان سنجه­های پایش رطوبت خاک معرفی نمود.}, keywords_fa = {رطوبت خاک,خشکسالی کشاورزی,گندم دیم,نیشابور}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100920.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100920_6ce43a677cc7674a1f5fa753130dc23d.pdf} } @article { author = {Barati, Gholamreza and Moradi, Mohammad and Saiidinya, Maryam}, title = {Synoptic Analysis of Hottest Cities in Iran}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {64-73}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.12.2.64}, abstract = {IntroductionNowadays, many specialists testify the reality of global warming. This warming affects many thermal anomalies. Some of these anomalies show themselves in the form of warmth records especially over cold and moderate realms. At a national level, the Iranian city with the highest temperature makes new headlines. For instance, in 2015 the temperature of more than 49 degrees Celsius was recorded for Gonbad-Kavoos City in the province of Golestan as the warmest city of Iran.Materials and methodsIn this investigation, we obtained the data of daily temperatures of 33 cities over Iran for warm half of year (1971 to 2010) based on the method of environment to circulation. The extracting of daily records of weather stations and their frequencies were finalized in MATLAB platform. When daily temperature tables were set, the Hottest City (HC), their Frequencies (FC) and their temperatures (TC) were determined. In these tables, cities were sorted based on their descending latitudes. In this stage, the highest records during every year were defined on based on access to daily weather charts and designed synoptic patterns. For instance, the annual highest record of warmth was 19.5 degrees Celsius. It was related to Lengeh port in Southern Iran at 1971. These daily charts were obtained from ENCEP/ENCAR. Based on them, the centers of all high-pressure effective systems including Azores, Sahara and Hijaz were determined on base maps in order to design synoptic patterns and their analysis across Atlantic Ocean to Pacific.Results and discussionResults showed RC frequency has reduced from 11 cities to 6 ones during the three last decades. It means, we will have less HC but more FC in future over Iran. This reduction is not gratifying because results show that records have grown for Abadan, Ahwaz and Bandar-abbas Cities over Sothern Iran. Designed synoptic patterns of high-pressures included Azores and Sahara and Indus Low during high TCs over based maps showed that:1) The centers of Azores Highs appear like a group in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean but they appeared straggly during low ones. 2) We found similar results for Sahara Highs over Africa. 3) Also, the location of Indus Low centers over Southern Asia appeared more zonal in comparison with low records. Altogether, the high TCs in Iran accompanied with baro-tropic atmosphere from the center of Atlantic Ocean to India Peninsula.ConclusionOverall, the highest records of warmth are accompanied by baro-tropic atmosphere over Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Peninsula. Alongside weakening of thermo-dynamic Siberian Highs, it seems that concentration of Azores Highs over Eastern Atlantic Ocean and Saharan Highs over Africa and Hijaz ones over Southern Iran cause an increase in the frequency of high warmth-records over Iran.  }, keywords = {Warmth records,Pressure systems,Iran}, title_fa = {واکاوی همدید شهرهای رکورددار گرما در ایران}, abstract_fa = {امروزه، رکوردهای گرما «به معنای گرم‌ترین شهر کشور در هر روز و دمای آن»، مرتب رسانه‏ای می‌شود. در این تحقیق با تهیه دماهای روزانه 33 شهر کشور از سازمان هواشناسی طی نیمه گرم سال (1971-2010)؛ شهرهای رکورددار، فراوانی و مقادیر دمای آنها مشخص گردید. نخستین نتایج گویای کاهش تدریجی فراوانی شهرهای رکورددار گرما طی سه دهه از 11 شهر به 6 شهر بود. یعنی از این پس شهرهای رکورددار کمتر ولی فراوانی رکوردداری آنها در سال بیشتر خواهد بود و این مخاطره بیشتر متوجه شهرهای آبادان، اهواز و بندرعباس است. در بخش همدید، طراحی الگوهای همدید پرفشارهای آزور و ساهارا و کم­فشار سند طی روزهای بالاترین رکوردها نشان داد: 1) کانون‌های پرفشار جنب حاره‌ای آزور در زمان بالاترین رکوردها، در میانه اقیانوس اتلس گروه­گرایی دارند ولی در زمان رخداد پایین‌ترین رکوردها، در این اقیانوس پراکنده‌ترند. 2) همین تفاوت برای کانون‌های پرفشاری ساهارا مشاهده می‌شود. 3) کم­فشار سند آرایش مداری‌تری از خود نشان داد. در مجموع بالاترین رکوردهای گرما در ایران با تقویت جو پایدار در گستره‌ای از اقیانوس اتلس میانی تا شبه قاره هند همراهی می‌شود.}, keywords_fa = {رکوردهای گرما,سامانه‌های فشار,شهرهای ایران}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_101038.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_101038_b84b48fa9daddd30905587bf3edd8080.pdf} } @article { author = {Dargahi, Mohammad Mehdi and Razaviyan, Mohammad Taghi and Tavakolinia, Jamileh}, title = {Regeneration informal settlements using the transit oriented development model (TOD) (case study: Hamedan city)}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {74-92}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.12.2.74}, abstract = {IntroductionToday, the world is more urban than ever. According to published reports, more than half of the world's population now lives in cities, and according to the United Nations, this number will increase to more than two-thirds by 2050. Urban growth has been accompanied by many problems that have endangered the quality of life of people living in cities. The issue of informal settlements is considered as one of the problems of "developing countries" that have created many problems in physical, cultural and economic dimensions of cities. So solving the problems of this sector is always one of the most important concerns. Therefore at national and local levels, the regeneration of informal settlements has always been one of the most important challenges for urban planners.So far, several programs and measures have been taken to manage and organize such contexts. They are mainly focused on solving physical problems and have not resulted in significant results other than providing some urban infrastructure. According to statistics, about one third of Iranian urban population lives in these areas. In order to improve the quality of life and maintain human dignity in these tissues, private sector capital could be used through preparing executive plans with low investment risk. In this section, the development model is based on transportation (TOD) as one of the most evolved models of urban development with the optimal use of land around public transportation stations. This can be the basis for economic and social development in these settlements alongside physical reconstruction. In this study, feasibility and prioritization of using this model in the reconstruction of informal settlements located along the second BRT line of Hamadan city has been investigated using the ANP model. The results of network analysis model showed that transportation, urban planning and economic criteria were ranked first to third. Also, according to the indicators (TOD), two stations located within informal settlements, which have a higher density and mixture of users, have gained more points. Also, due to the transit role of the arterial axes of Hamedan, since it connects center and south of Iran to the three western provinces of the country and the traffic of vehicles from this axis, the stations that are closer to the city entrances can functionally take advantage of the TOD pattern.Materials and research methodsThe present study is methodologically descriptive-analytical and based on documentary studies. It is a library and field observation and practical in terms of purpose. Thus, with documentary and library studies, the literature and theoretical foundations of the research have been explained. With field observations, the necessary data and information have been collected in the study area.In the present study, line three of high-speed bus system (BRT) city of Hamedan and the sphere of influence of these stations in an area with a radius of 800 meters of the station) constitute the research territory(Figure 2). In this regard, in the first part, the stations that are located in informal settlements are identified. Then according to the components of transport-oriented development, the location and prioritization of the optimal station is done to implement the transport development approach. The axis aims to recreate and reconstruct informal settlements using ANP network analysis as well as interpreting its results in the GIS spatial information system. First, according to the characteristics of the study area and reviewing the relevant literature, criteria and sub-criteria for spatial and physical regeneration of marginal textures and informal settlements were selected based on the development approach based on TOD transport. Then, questionnaires were designed to perform pairwise comparisons and were provided to 20 professors and urban planning experts to perform the necessary assessments. After collecting the questionnaires, the geometric mean of the answers was calculated and fed into Super Decisions software for analysis.Discussion and ConclusionIn this study, after reclassifying the layers, the weight obtained for each sub-criterion in the network analysis process in its respective spatial layer was multiplied using the Overlay Index method and the Raster Calculator tool. Finally, all layers of information were combined and a spatial and physical reconstruction map was created based on the development approach based on TOD transportation in Hamadan. Figure (6) shows the final output of the TOD transport-based development overlap map based on the network analysis model along the BRT line two of Hamedan. It shows that according to the transport-based development indicators, each of the stations has the ability to compress. These stations have a higher user mix and have more points. Also considering the transit performance of the arterial axes of Hamedan in connecting the center and south of the country to the three western provinces of the country and vehicle traffic from this axis, stations that are closer to the city entrances are more functional. They have a higher capability than other stations to benefit from the TOD model. On the other hand, according to the sub-criteria of transportation, including the use of public transportation and the ability to create a ride park, as well as economic criteria such as added value due to TOD implementation, the willingness of the private sector to invest increases. Similarly, sub-criteria of urban planning such as high density, affordable housing, development constraints, etc. indicate that stations located in informal settlements have better conditions than other stations to use development-based models based on transportation.ResultsThe aim of this study is to spatially and physically regenerate marginal tissues and informal settlements based on the development approach based on TOD transport in the city of Hamadan. The information and data of four indicators of economic, transportation and traffic, urban planning and cultural, social and demographics were selected, based on the study context. Then using the Dimatel questionnaire the relationship and influence of each of the elements of the decision with each other is determined. In the next step, using the Thomas L. Hourly Quantitative Questionnaire, all decision elements were compared in pairs according to the control criteria. Afterwards, by merging the opinions of experts using the Copeland technique and using the network analysis process (ANP) method and Super decisions software, the weight and importance of each decision element was determined. Finally, using the Calculator Raster tool, in the ArcMap software environment, the digitized layers of each criterion, were combined according to the specified weight of each, in order to create a development map based on TOD transportation in the city of Hamadan. The results obtained from the network analysis model showed that the proximity to the station was ranked first among the sub-criteria of transportation and traffic, mixed use and high density were ranked second and third among the urban planning indicators, respectively. Also, among the studied economic factors, the sub-criteria of income status of individuals received the highest score compared to other indicators. The sub-criteria of cultural and social status and literacy status of the cultural, social and demographic criteria had the least weight and importance among the elements of development based on TOD transport.Findings of this study show that due to the transit role of arterial axes in Hamedan, compaction and user mixing indices have more points. Also due to the connection between the center and south of Iran to the three western provinces through Hamedan and vehicle traffic, the axis of stations that are closer to the city entrances have a higher functionality than other stations to use the TOD model. According to the results of this study, suggestions for development based on TOD transportation in the city of Hamadan are presented:1) Considering the necessity of adapting the land use and transportation system in determining the development pattern of the city, comprehensive and detailed plans of Hamedan city should be prepared at the same time and in accordance with the transportation planning plans.2) Considering that most of the informal settlements in Hamedan are located along the three BRT lines of Hamedan, using the transportation-based development model can be a powerful tool to regenerate these settlements.3) Considering the growing use of cars in cities, it is possible to help increase the efficiency of the transportation network by managing land use by using integrated public transportation systems.4) Considering that one of the most important issues and problems of informal settlements is the problem of unemployment, by using the development model based on transportation, it is possible to help create job opportunities for the residents of these areas.5) Instead of creating infrastructure to facilitate the movement of cars and encourage citizens to use private cars, public and non-motorized transportation can be developed, such as bicycle lanes.}, keywords = {regeneration,Transport Oriented Development,Informal settlements,Hamedan,TOD}, title_fa = {بازآفرینی سکونت‌گاه‌ های غیر رسمی با بهره‌گیری از الگوی توسعه مبتنی بر حمل و نقل TOD (نمونه موردی: شهر همدان)}, abstract_fa = {موضوع بازآفرینی سکونت­گاه های غیر رسمی همواره به عنوان یکی از مهم­ترین چالش­های  مدیران و برنامه­ریزان شهری مطرح بوده است، حدود یک سوم از جمعیت شهری ما در این بافت­ها زندگی می­کنند از اینرو لازم با بهره­گیری از روش­های مداخله نوین از زوال رو به رشد آنها جلوگیری کرد، یکی از مهم­ترین راهکارها استفاده از سرمایه بخش خصوصی در این بخش می­باشد، الگوی توسعه مبتنی بر حمل و نقل (TOD) به عنوان یکی از تکامل یافته­ترین الگوهای توسعه شهری با استفاده بهینه از اراضی اطراف ایستگاه­های حمل و نقل عمومی می­تواند ضمن بازسازی کالبدی زمینه­ساز توسعه اقتصادی و اجتماعی در این سکونت­گاه ها شود، در این مقاله امکان سنجی و اولویت­بندی بهره­گیری از این الگو در بازآفرینی سکونت­گاه های غیر رسمی واقع در امتداد خط دو BRT شهر همدان با استفاده از مدل ANP مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. نتایج حاصل از مدل تحلیل شبکه نشان داد معیارهای حمل و نقل، شهرسازی و اقتصادی در رتبه­های اول تا سوم قرار گرفتند. و نیز با توجه به شاخص­های (TOD) دو ایستگاه واقع شده در این مناطق که دارای قابلیت تراکم و اختلاط کاربری بالاتری هستند، از امتیاز بیشتری برخوردار هستند. و نیز با توجه به نقش ترانزیتی محورهای شریانی شهر همدان در غرب کشور و تردد وسایط نقلیه از این محور ایستگاه­هایی که به دروازه شهر نزدیک­تر هستند به لحاظ عملکردی قابلیت بالاتری نسبت به سایر ایستگاه­ها جهت بهره­گیری از الگوی TOD دارند.}, keywords_fa = {بازآفرینی,توسعه حمل و نقل محور,سکونت‌گاه های غیر رسمی,همدان,TOD}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100786.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100786_29ea3ee4f29cf76554dbd9384d268f53.pdf} } @article { author = {Yousefi, Somayeh and Shafiei Sabet, Naser}, title = {Structural empowerment of rural stakeholders for participation in entrepreneurship process through mediating role of perceived effects of entrepreneurship development}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {93-111}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.12.2.93}, abstract = {IntroductionToday, entrepreneurship development is primarily influenced by rural stakeholders' structural empowerment.  Because structural empowerment process through changing knowledge, skills, attitudes, and feelings of stakeholders’ and strengthening and flourishing their capacities, inner talents, and improving their behavior and perception from the benefits of entrepreneurship development, leads to their greater involvement in rural entrepreneurship. Accordingly, powerful rural stakeholders are fundamental to innovation and the creation of a new mix of entrepreneurship. Their participation in the entrepreneurial process is a suitable basis for entrepreneurial success.Materials and MethodsThe present study was conducted to examine the effects of rural stakeholders' structural empowerment on their participation in the entrepreneurship process, through the mediating role of the perceived impact of entrepreneurship development on Tarom. In this descriptive-analytic study, the data collection was conducted using a questionnaire. The study's statistical population includes 95 inhabited villages of Tarom County, Iran, which according to the Census of 2016, has a population of 36817 people and 11412 households. In this study, 37 villages were randomly selected to complete the questionnaire at the village level.Results The results showed a positive and significant relationship between the rural stakeholders' structural empowerment Index with the mediating variables, including perceived ecological-environmental, socio-cultural and economic effects of entrepreneurship development.  Additionally, the relationship between the structural empowerment of rural stakeholders and their participation in the entrepreneurship process through the mediating role of perceived socio-cultural and economic effects of entrepreneurship development, according to z value, was confirmed. However, the relationship between the structural empowerment of rural stakeholders and their participation in the entrepreneurship process through the mediating role of the perceived environmental-ecological effects of entrepreneurship development was not confirmed. In other words, the implementation of entrepreneurship programs and plans in the ecological-environmental field has not aligned rural stakeholders' participation in this field. In general, the results showed that rural stakeholders' structural empowerment had had a positive and significant impact on their participation in the economic and social-cultural dimensions of entrepreneurship, through the mediating role of perceived socio-cultural and economic effects of entrepreneurship development.ConclusionStructural empowerment is an essential step towards improving the potentials and talents of rural stakeholders. Paying attention to rural stakeholders' structural empowerment can provide the basis for environmental, ecological, social, cultural, economic, and physical stability and equilibrium of rural settlements at local and regional levels.}, keywords = {ecological-environmental effects,Socio-economic effects,plans and projects,Tarom County}, title_fa = {توانمندسازی ساختاری ذی‌نفعان روستایی برای مشارکت در فراگرد کارآفرینی با نقش میانجی اثرات ادراک شده از توسعه کارآفرینی}, abstract_fa = {پژوهش حاضر به واکاوی اثرات توانمندسازی ساختاری ذی­نفعان روستایی برای مشارکت آنان در فراگرد کارآفرینی با نقش میانجی اثرات ادراک شده از توسعه کارآفرینی در شهرستان طارم پرداخت. در این پژوهش کمی و توصیفی ـ تحلیلی، جمع­آوری داده­ها به­وسیله پرسشنامه انجام شد. پی­آیندهای پژوهش حاکی از وجود رابطه مثبت و معنادار بین متغیر توانمندسازی ساختاری ذی­نفعان روستایی با سه متغیر میانجی اثرات محیطی ـ اکولوژیک، اجتماعی ـ فرهنگی و اقتصادی ادراک شده از توسعه کارآفرینی است. همچنین، رابطه بین توانمندسازی ساختاری ذی­نفعان روستایی و مشارکت آنان در فراگرد کارآفرینی با نقش میانجی اثرات اجتماعی ـ فرهنگی و اقتصادی ادراک شده از توسعه کارآفرینی با توجه به مقدار z به دست آمده، مورد تایید قرار گرفت. اما رابطه بین توانمندسازی ساختاری ذی­نفعان روستایی و مشارکت آنان در فراگرد کارآفرینی با نقش میانجی اثرات محیطی ـ اکولوژیک ادراک شده از توسعه کارآفرینی تایید نشد. به ­سخن دیگر، اجرای طرح­ها و برنامه­های توسعه کارآفرینی در حوزه محیطی ـ اکولوژیک، به­گونه­ای نبوده که بتواند مشارکت ذی­نفعان روستایی را در این زمینه با خود همراه سازد. به­طورکلی، یافته­های پژوهش نشان داد، توانمندسازی ساختاری ذی­نفعان روستایی با نقش میانجی اثرات اجتماعی ـ فرهنگی و اقتصادی ادراک شده از توسعه کارآفرینی بر مشارکت آنان در دو بعد اجتماعی ـ فرهنگی و اقتصادی کارآفرینی تاثیر مثبت و معنادار داشته است.}, keywords_fa = {اثرات اجتماعی - اقتصادی,اثرات محیطی - اکولوژیک,شهرستان طارم,طرح‌ها و برنامه‌ها}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100989.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100989_9d6627f0354fcab8b3f25bef6516c006.pdf} } @article { author = {Hosseiny, Ehsan and Rahmani, Ali}, title = {Evaluation of petroleum generation potential and burial history of probable source rocks in the Salman field, eastern part of the Persian Gulf}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {112-123}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.12.2.112}, abstract = {IntroductionThe Persian Gulf basin is one of the most prolific and important hydrocarbon provinces in the world. The presence of rich source rocks, fractured carbonate reservoirs, effective cap rocks alongside large anticlines has led to the accumulation of large volumes of oil and gas in this area. This study investigates the hydrocarbon generation potential of probable source rocks in Salman field through using Rock Eval, vitrinite reflection and 1D model results in one of deepest wells.Materials and methodsIn this study, Rock-Eval 6 and Vitrinite reflection were used to evaluate the hydrocarbon generation potential of source rock samples. Accordingly, 50 and 18 rock samples from Gurpi, Sarvak, Kazhdumi, Dariyan, Gadvan, Fahliyan and Surmeh formations in two wells of Salman were analyzed, respectively. Moreover, one-dimensional modeling of burial history was performed by using Petromed software (2011-Schlumberger) on well B of Salman field.Results and discussionThe TOC of the samples is between 0.16 and 2.83%, of which about 90% have a value less than one. Petroleum potential index (S1+S2) varies from 0.43 to 17.5 mg HC/gr Rock. The highest TOC and petroleum potential index values are related to Sarvak samples. Surmeh samples indicate fair petroleum generation potential while the rest of the samples indicate poor petroleum generation potential. Based on HI, Sarvak and Surmeh samples have kerogen type II and II/III respectively. Vitrinite reflectance values range from 0.3 to 0.55, indicating that the samples are in the immature to early mature stages. One-dimensional modeling was performed to determine the burial and thermal history of the Sarchahan, Surmeh and Sarvak source rocks and the time of hydrocarbon generation at well B. The temperature history of the layers in the sedimentary basin is estimated by model and calibrated by vitrinite reflections. According to estimated vitrinte reflection (Sweeney and Burnham model), Sarvak Formation is immature and Surmeh Formation is early mature. The Sarchahan Formation is currently in gas window. This formation has entered the peak of the oil window since 157 million years ago and entered the gas window since 75 million years ago.ConclusionsGeochemical assessment of different formations in Salman field confirmed that Sarvak, Surmeh and Sarchahan formations are the most important source rocks in the eastern part of the Persian Gulf. Sarchahan source rock is in the gas window and has produced 95% of its potential so far. Organic matters of Sarvak and Surmeh formations have kerogen type II and II/III, respectively. Sarvak Formation is immature and Surmeh Formation is in the early oil window. Although Sarvak Formation is immature in Salman field, it could generate high amounts of hydrocarbon by increasing depth in the eastern parts of Salman oil fields.}, keywords = {Hydrocarbon generation potential,burial history,source rock,thermal modeling,Salman field}, title_fa = {ارزیابی پتانسیل هیدروکربن‌زایی و تاریخچه تدفین سنگ‌های مادر محتمل در میدان سلمان، شرق خلیج فارس}, abstract_fa = {میدان سلمان، یکی از مهم­ترین میادین تولیدی در بخش شرقی خلیج فارس محسوب می­شود که در افق­های کنگان/دالان دارای گاز و در افق­های سورمه، گدوان و داریان دارای نفت است. پژوهش حاضر به بررسی پتانسیل هیدروکربن­زایی سازندهای گورپی، سروک، کژدمی، داریان، گدوان، فهلیان، سورمه و سرچاهان در میدان سلمان با استفاده از اطلاعات پیرولیز راک­اول، انعکاس ویترینایت و نتایج مدل­سازی یک بعدی در یکی از چاه­های عمیق میدان، می­پردازد. بدین منظور 50 نمونه سنگ، بجز سازند سرچاهان، از اعماق مختلف در دو چاه، مورد آنالیز و ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نمونه­های مربوط به سازندهای سروک و سورمه به ترتیب پتانسیل هیدروکربن­زایی خوب و متوسط را نشان دادند در حالی که بقیه نمونه­ها دارای پتانسیل ضعیف بودند. مواد آلی سازند سروک دارای کروژن تیپ II و مواد آلی سازند سورمه دارای کروژن تیپ II/III بودند. بنابر انعکاس ویترینایت حاصل از پتروگرافی و مدلسازی، سازند سروک نابالغ، سازند سورمه در اوایل پنجره نفتی و سازند سرچاهان در پنجره گازی قرار دارند. نسبت تبدیل برای سازند سرچاهان، 95 درصد است در حالی که این نسبت برای سازندهای سروک و سورمه صفر می­باشد. }, keywords_fa = {پتانسیل هیدروکربن‌زایی,تاریخچه تدفین,سنگ مادر,مدلسازی حرارتی,میدان سلمان}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100776.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100776_95f99b327b3c1461c4e30a251296cb4e.pdf} } @article { author = {Javadi Tazekand, Hamideh and Moayyed, Mohsen and Jahangiri, Ahmad and Hossinzadeh, Mohammad Reza and Rahmani, Amir and Ravan khah, Alireza}, title = {Geochemistry and tectonic setting of plutonic rocks in Kalasur (west Kaleybar-NW Iran)}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {124-139}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.12.2.124}, abstract = {IntroductionBased on field studies and petrography, two intrusive masses are exposed in the area. One of them has an acidic composition (granitoid rocks) and the other has an alkaline-intermediate composition (gabbroid rocks). Plutonic masses of Oligocene have penetrated in to the Cretaceous volcanic units. Therefore, in this research, an attempt is made to study the volcanic rocks and intrusive masses of the region in terms of geochemistry, petrogenesis, the genetic relationship of volcanic and plutonic massifs, as well as the tectonic environment of the location.Materials and methodsAfter field operations in the study area using aerial photographs and 1: 100000 maps of Varzeqan, samples were taken from the rocks of the area. 60 samples of low-altered rocks were collected from the area and used for petrographic studies and 13 samples were selected for chemical analysis by ICP-MS method.The selected samples were sent to Canada and analyzed in Actlabs Laboratory. Finally, using geochemical studies and field and petrographic studies, the magmatic series was determined and the data were analyzed and interpreted.Results and discussionThis area, in the context of the structural subdivision geological zone of Iran, has been assigned to Western Alborz-Azerbaijan zone. The oldest rock outcrops in the area belong to the Cretaceous, which includes andesitic lava flow and plutonic masses in Oligocene which have penetrated in to the Cretaceous volcanic units. The composition of pluton is gabbro-diorite, diorite, quartz diorite, quartz monzodiorite, quartz monzonite, monzonite and granite. The essential minerals of intrusion include quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite and amphibole with granular texture. The intrusion is through several dikes with diorite, micro-diorite, lamprophyre and aplitic composition. Enrichment of Pb, Th and U are related to mantle metasomatism and/or contamination by continental crust. Negative anomalies of Ti, P and Eu can be related to the crystallization of ilmenite and apatite minerals in the primary stage of differentiation.According to discrimination diagrams, the studied plutons were formed in the volcanic arc (VAG) and post collisional environment.ConclusionThe Kalasurs intrusive complex, with Oligocene age, is located in SW of the Kaleybar city, NW Iran and in Western Alborz-Azerbaijan zone. The oldest rock outcrops in the area belong to Cretaceous, include andesitic lava flow and plutonic masses. Oligocene sub volcanic bodies have penetrated Cretaceous volcanic units. The plutons are gabbro-diorite, diorite, quartz diorite, quartz monzodiorite, quartz monzonite, monzonite and granite. These bodies are intruded by several dikes with diorite, micro-diorite, lamprophyre and aplitic composition. The studied samples are calc-alkaline, peraluminous to metaluminous and show I-type characteristics. The spider and REE diagrams’ fractionated patterns and high ratio of LREE/HREE, indicate that source magma could be generated from melting of garnet-lherzolite. According to discrimination diagrams, the studied plutons were formed in the volcanic arc) VAG) and post collisional environment.}, keywords = {Kalasur,Oligocene,Alborz-Azerbaijan,I-type,Post-COLG arc}, title_fa = {ژئوشیمی و جایگاه زمین ساختی توده‌های نفوذی کلاسور (غرب کلیبر- شمال‌غرب ایران)}, abstract_fa = {مجموعه نفوذی کلاسور به سن الیگوسن، در جنوب غرب شهرستان کلیبر، شمال­غرب ایران و در پهنه ساختاری البرزغربی- آذربایجان قرار دارد. قدیمی­ترین رخنمون در منطقه متعلق به دوره کرتاسه می­باشد که شامل گدازه­های جریانی آندزیتی می­باشد. توده­های پلوتونیک نیمه­ عمیق الیگوسن درون واحدهای آتشفشانی کرتاسه نفوذ کرده­اند و ترکیب سنگ­شناسی آنها از گابرو-دیوریت، دیوریت، کوارتز دیوریت، کوارتز مونزودیوریت، کوارتز مونزونیت، مونزونیت و گرانیت در تغییر است. این توده­ها توسط دایک­های متعددی با ترکیب دیوریتی، میکرودیوریتی، لامپروفیری و دایک­های آپلیتی قطع شده­اند. سری ماگمائی گرانیتوئیدهای منطقه از نوع کالک­آلکالن بوده و از نظر شاخص اشباع از آلومین اکثراً در محدوده پرآلومینوس تا متاآلومینوس واقع می­شوند. این سنگ­ها از نظر ژنتیکی از نوع گرانیتوئیدهای I-type می­باشند. نمودارهای عنکبوتی مقایسه­ای و الگوی REE این گروه از سنگ­ها نشان می­دهد که سنگ­های منطقه از یک منشأ یکسان به وجود آمده­اند و با توجه به بالا بودن نسبت LREE/HREE، منشأ سنگها گارنت-لرزولیت است. مطالعات ژئوشیمی عناصر نادر بیانگر این مطلب است که نفوذی­های مورد مطالعه در محیط تکتونیکی قوس آتشفشانی پس از برخورد جایگیری کرده­اند.}, keywords_fa = {البرز-آذربایجان,الیگوسن,پس برخورد,تیپ I,کلاسور}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100797.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100797_93ec81801e0207ba9b812ad9fc9a433b.pdf} } @article { author = {Shafeie, zahra and Arian, Mohammad Ali and Haghnazar, Shahrouz}, title = {Tectonic-magmatic position of Paleogene volcanic rocks of Roudbar (north of Iran)}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {140-156}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.12.2.140}, abstract = {IntroductionThe study area in north of Iran is located between 49 °, 30' and 50 °, 00' longitudes and 36 °, 30' to 37 °, 00' latitudes and in the 1.100000 sheet of Jirandeh. This area is considered as part of the structural zone of Iran in Alborz zone and is part of Tertiary zone. In this paper, with the help of geochemical evidence in Rudbar region, as part of Paleogene magmatism in Alborz, an attempt has been made to comment on the tectonic petrogenetic of the region.MethodologyAfter field studies, considering lithological varieties of the volcanic units in the region, 100 samples were collected and thin sections were prepared and studied in terms of petrography using polarizing microscope. Then, among the mentioned samples, 22 samples with the lowest weathering and most lithological variety were selected to analyze the major elements using XRF method and the trace and REE elements by ICP-MS method at SGS laboratory in Toronto. In order to analyze data, the software Igpet 2007 and GCDkit are used.DiscussionThe studied area is located in the sheet of Jirande at a scale of 1:100000,that are outcrops of volcanic and pyroclastic rocks of Paleogene age. Based on petrographic studies carried out on the lavas’ units, three rock units were distinguished: a) olivine basalts, b) andesitic basaltic and basaltic andesite, c) hornblende pyroxene andesites and andesites. In most investigated rocks, there are different types of xenoliths and xenocrysts. Xenoliths are composed of gabbro, diorite and sometimes basalt. These xenoliths and xenocrysts are petrographic evidence for magmatic contamination.   The positive correlation of Na2O and K2O and the negative correlation of Fe2O3, MgO, CaO oxides with the increasing of SiO2 evidence, indicates fractional crystallization in the magma evolution trend of rocks in the area. The constant trends are also maintained through series, which were exposed to the AFC process and assimilation with fractional crystallization.Comparing the pattern process of incompatible rare elements to crust values in mafic and intermediate terms indicates crustal contamination of mafic rocks to the lower crust and contamination of intermediate rocks towards upper crust. Linear correlation between the ratio of Y/Nb compared to Zr/Nb indicates the origination of magmas from MORB source mantle which were somewhat contaminated with the continental crust rocks.ConclusionGeochemical studies represent original relationship between all the studied rocks. This relationship indicates the crystal fractionation in the magma that forms these rocks. Investigations of the ratios of incompatible trace elements, suggest that the mafic samples of the region are close to MORB asthenosphereic mantle source. Also, the trends between primary and evolved samples indicate a linear arrangement between the MORB source mantle and the continental crust, representing an interaction of the MORB mantle-derived magmas with continental crust. All geochemical evidence indicates thatthe volcanic rocks in the area were originated from melting of a MORB asthenosphere mantle source with spinel facies, which was contaminated with the continental crust rocks to some degree.The crustal contamination of these basalts has caused, firstly, these rocks to follow exactly the elemental processes of the crust, and secondly misleadingly show the geochemical characteristics of rocks in subduction zones. This means generating magmas from mantle MORB source with crustal contamination are commonly seen in within-plate continental rift magmatisms.}, keywords = {Crustal contamination,Paleogene,Within-plate continental rift,Volcanic Rocks,MORB mantel source}, title_fa = {جایگاه زمین ساختی ـ ماگمایی سنگ‌های آتشفشانی پالئوژن رودبار (شمال ایران)}, abstract_fa = {سنگ‌های آتشفشانی پالئوژن رودبار (شمال ایران) دارای تنوع ترکیبی بین اولیوین بازالت، آندزیت بازالتی، هورنبلند آندزیت پیروکسن دار و آندزیت هستند. از نظر ژئوشیمیایی آنومالی‌های منفی  Ti، Nb ، Ta ، Zr، Ba، P و آنومالی مثبت Rb، Pb،Th ، K از شاخصه‌های آلودگی پوسته‌ای این سنگ‌ها هستند. مطالعات ژئوشیمیایی نشان می‌دهد که سنگ‌های بازیک منطقه با پوسته تحتانی و سنگ‌های حدواسط با پوسته فوقانی آلوده شده‌اند. تغییرات Y/Nb در برابر Zr/Nb و نیز Rb/Y در برابر Nb/Y و Ba/La در برابر La/Sm بیانگر آلودگی پوسته‌ای ماگماهای منشاً گرفته از منبع مورب می‌باشد. در نمودارتشخیص جایگاه‌های تکتونیکی تمامی نمونه‌ها در محدوده بازالت‌های ریفت درون قاره‌ای قرار گرفته‌اند. بررسی‌های ژئوشیمیایی نشان می‌دهد که سنگ‌های منطقه از یک منبع گوشته‌ای تیپ مورب با رخساره اسپینل در یک محیط ریفتی درون قاره‌ای حاصل شده که با سنگ‌های پوسته قاره‌ای آلوده شده‌اند.}, keywords_fa = {آلودگی پوسته‌ای,پالئوژن,ریفت درون قاره‌ای,سنگ‌های آتشفشانی,گوشته منبع مورب}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100922.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100922_281bc882d89f03729470885def03ab35.pdf} } @article { author = {Hosseini, Seyede Nadia and Asadi Mehmandosti, Elham and Khoshbakht, Farhad}, title = {Application of image logs to improve cementation exponent of the Asmari reservoir in an oilfields of Dezful Embayment}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {157-172}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.12.2.157}, abstract = {IntroductionDetermination of petrophysical properties is the most important part of hydrocarbon reservoirs characterization. Accordingly, by obtaining total and effective porosity, the volume of shale, and the saturation of the fluids, the reservoir regions are determined. Identification of fluid saturation as a petrophysical characteristic has an important effect in hydrocarbon reservoir studies. The exact calculation of this factor depends on the cementation exponent (m) which is commonly considered as a constant number. Due to the heterogeneous structure of carbonate rocks, the use of constant values can lead to a large error in the fluid saturation calculations.In this study, in order to improve the cementation exponent and to accurately calculate the saturation of the fractured Asmari reservoir in one of the wells south of Dezful Embayment oilfields, petrophysical, core and image log data (FMI) were used.Material & MethodsPetrophysical evaluation was performed once with a conventional method, taking into account the constant value for m and again with the variable m value specified by image logs. In this regard, firstly, the petrophysical interpretation of full set logs of the studied well were made, using the Multimin model in Geolog software. Then, the FMI image logs of the well were used to extract various structural phenomena, especially fractures. Finally, the variable cementation exponent was calculated by taking into account the density of fractures of different zones and the petrophysical evaluation was again considered with consideration of its effect.Results and discussion Based on image log analysis in studied reservoir, three major fractures, including open and semi-open fractures, filled fractures and breakout fractures -due to borehole collapse- have been identified. These fractures are more commonly observed in the lower part of the Asmari carbonate reservoir in the studied well. Image log analysis showed that with increasing the open and semi-open fractures’ density, variation of cementation exponent also increased. So, the effect of this exponent on petrophysical evaluation is important. Also, the results of petrophysical evaluation showed that the amount and pattern of fractures are important factors controlling the cementation exponent of the studied reservoir. As the fractures increase, the cementation exponent decreases and as a result, the water saturation decreases.ConclusionsComparison of petrophysical evaluation with conventional and image log methods and correlation with the core data indicate that despite the changes in cementation exponent, porosities of Asmari reservoir did not change significantly in the studied oil field. On the contrary, small changes in the cementation exponent, can lead to large variations in the saturation factor in this reservoir.Therefore, the correct estimation of the cementation exponent in each zone is necessary for an accurate estimation of the saturation factor in the reservoirs. Therefore, using image logs to evaluate petrophysical properties in order to improve the evaluation of reservoir quality can be a precise and relatively rapid method in reservoir studies.}, keywords = {Petrophysical assessment,Water saturation,Cementation exponent (m(,Image logs,Asmari fractured carbonate reservoir.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬}, title_fa = {کاربرد لاگ‌های تصویری در‌ بهبود ضریب سیمان‬شدگی مخزن آسماری یکی از میادین نفتی فروافتادگی دزفول‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬}, abstract_fa = {محاسبه دقیق اشباع شدگی، به ضریب سیمان شدگی (m) وابسته است که به­طور رایج به صورت یک عدد ثابت در نظر گرفته میشود. با توجه به ساختار ناهمگون در سنگهای کربناته، استفاده از مقادیر ثابت میتواند منجر به خطای زیادی در محاسبات اشباع سیالات شود. در این پژوهش به منظور بهبود ضریب سیمانشدگی و محاسبه دقیق اشباع آب مخزن کربناته شکافدار آسماری ارزیابی پتروفیزیکی یک بار با دیدگاه مرسوم و با در نظر گرفتن مقدار ثابت برای m و بار دیگر با میزان m متغیر مشخص شده توسط لاگهای تصویری انجام شد. در این راستا ابتدا تفسیر پتروفیزیکی لاگ­های متداول چاه مورد مطالعه با استفاده از مدل Multimin در نرم افزار Geolog صورت پذیرفت. در ادامه داده­های لاگ­های تصویری FMI چاه مذکور برای استخراج پدیده­های مختلف ساختمانی به ویژه شکستگی­ها مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. در نهایت ضریب سیمانی شدگی متغیر با در نظر گرفتن چگالی شکستگی­های زون­های مختلف به دست آمد و ارزیابی پتروفیزیکی مجددا با در نظر گرفتن تاثیر آن صورت گرفت. نتایج ارزیابی پتروفیزیکی نشان داد که میزان و الگوی شکستگی­ها یکی از فاکتورهای مهم کنترل­کننده ضریب سیمان­شدگی مخزن مورد مطالعه هستند. مقایسه نتایج ارزیابی پتروفیزیکی به دو روش مرسوم و روش استفاده از نتایج لاگهای تصویری و تطابق با دادههای مغزه حاکی از آن است که علیرغم تغییرات ضریب سیمانشدگی، تغییرات زیادی بر روی میزان تخلخلهای مخزن آسماری در میدان نفتی مورد مطالعه مشاهده نمیشود. در حالی که تغییرات کمی در ضریب سیمانشدگی، منجر به تغییرات وسیعی در میزان فاکتور اشباع شدگی این مخزن میگردد. }, keywords_fa = {ارزیابی پتروفیزیکی,اشباع آب,ضریب سیمان‌شدگی (m),لاگ‌های تصویری,مخزن کربناته شکاف‬دار آسماری}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_101328.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_101328_374f8608c2058eafefc83450b3471cf9.pdf} } @article { author = {Barati, Mehrdad and Vakilishojah, Nesa and Ostadhoseeini, Akram}, title = {Investigation of types and iron mineralization in the Karafs area, north of Hamadan province using geochemical and mineralogical data}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {173-189}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {}, abstract = {IntroductionKarafs iron index is located 5Km north of the Karafs village in Hamedan province, Iran and geologically in the Sanandaj-Sirjan structural zone. Iron deposits in Sanandaj- Sirjan structural zone have been discussed and their origin is controversial. In this paper, geological, mineralogical, textural and geochemical properties, especially the geochemical behavior of rare earth elements in Karafs iron index are investigated and the mineralization type and its origin are determined.Materials and methodsDuring the field studies, 70 samples were taken for petrographic and mineralogical studies. Petrographic and mineralogical studies were performed in the Bu-Ali Sina University mineralogical laboratory. Geochemical study of iron ore was analyzed by ICP-MS at SGE company of Canada. XRD analyzes were performed at Bu-Ali Sina University.Results and DiscussionBased on field observation,rock units in the area include volcanic rocks, phyllite, schist, skarn and limestone. Iron deposit is formed in lower Cretaceous limestone formation. The Karafs iron index consists of several small goethite-hematite sac-shaped masses which are accompanied by minor magnetite. Goethite and hematite are the main ore minerals. Most hematites formed in the ore are hypogene (first generation). Secondary hematites caused by conversion of magnetite to hematite (second generation) are very rare.Replacement textures such as corrosion, marginal and island mainland are seen in hematite crystals. Two generations of goethite were observedin microscopic sections. The first generation goethites are macrocrystalline with an internal reflection of yellow brick and are usually amorphous and crushed and in some parts have a flowing state. Second generation goethites are found at the crystal boundaries of hematite and pyrite or fill its joints and fractures.In the Karafs iron index, magnetite is seen with primary hematite in the form of amorphous crystals, in the size of 25 to 100 microns and with mass texture. Quartz, chlorite, epidote and sericitic are gangue minerals in the area. The correlation diagrams show positive correlation of Mg, Mn, P, Cu, Zn and negative correlation of Si, Co, Ni, Ti, V with Fe. Geochemical studies showed that the Ni / Co ratio is between 0.2 and 7, which is a characteristic of hydrothermal iron ore (Bajwah et al., 1987). Sr-Y diagram indicates that samples are plotted in the granitoid section, which shows that the hydrothermal fluids are derived from granitoid (Belousova et al., 2002). LREE is enriched in all samples. Enrichment of LREE elements related to HREE and Negative Eu anomalies in the deposit related to hydrothermal fluid have been reported in various parts of the world (Marschik and Fontbote, 2001; Galoyan et al., 2009).ResultsKarafs iron index is located 5Km north of the Karafs village in Hamedan province and geologically in the Sanandaj-Sirjan structural zone. Rock units in the area include andesite, phyllite, schist, skarn and limestone. Iron deposit is formed in lower Cretaceous limestone formation. Goethite and hematite are main ore minerals which are accompanied by minor magnetite. The correlation diagrams show positive correlation of Mg, Mn, P, Cu, Zn and negative correlation of Si, Co, Ni, Ti, and V with Fe. Sr-Y and Co-Ni diagrams. Parameters of REE as well dispersion pattern, variance, diagrams and correlation coefficient of elements indicate hydrothermal origin derived from granitoid system and that the deposit has been hydrothermally leaching after the formation.}, keywords = {Iron mineralization,REE,Hydrothermal type,Karafs}, title_fa = {بررسی کانه‌زایی آهن کرفس شمال استان همدان با استفاده از داده‌های ژئوشیمیایی و کانی‌شناسی}, abstract_fa = {اندیس آهن کرفس در 5 کیلومتری شمال روستای کرفس در استان همدان و از نظر زمین­شناسی در زون سنندج سیرجان قرار دارد. سنگ­های منطقه، شامل آندزیت، شیست، فیلیت، اسکارن و آهک است. کانسنگ آهن در تشکیلات آهکی کرتاسه تحتانی تشکیل شده است. کانه اصلی این ذخیره عمدتاً گوتیت و هماتیت، هرکدام با دو نسل می­باشد. در هماتیت بافت­های جانشینی مانند خوردگی، باقیمانده، کلوفرم، جعبه­ای و در گوتیت بافت­های لایه­ای، جانشینی و گل­کلمی تشکیل شده است. کوارتز، کلریت، اپیدوت و سرسیت، کانی­های باطله را در این ذخیره تشکیل می­دهند. در نمودارهای همبستگی رسم شده عناصر Zn، Cu، P، Mn، Mg همبستگی مثبت و عناصر V، Ti، Ni، Co، Si همبستگی منفی با Fe نشان می­دهند. نمودارهای Sr-Y و Co-Ni و محاسبه پارامترهای عناصر REE به همراه رسم الگوی پراکندگی این عناصر و نمودارهای کوواریانس و ضریب همبستگی این عناصر نشان­دهنده منشاء گرمابی مشتق شده از سیستم گرانیتوئیدی بوده و ذخیره پس از تشکیل دچار شستشوی گرمابی مجدد شده است.}, keywords_fa = {تیپ گرمابی,کانه‌زایی آهن,کرفس,عناصر نادر خاکی}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100792.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100792_6b1de5758d767b9529008e8e0336d5cb.pdf} } @article { author = {Mobasheri, َAli and Hosseini-Barzi, Mahboubeh and Sadeghi, Abbas and Kavosi, Mohammad Ali}, title = {Investigation of hydrocarbon generation potential and the relationship between uranium and organic carbon content in Gurpi Formation, Siah-Kuh of Dehluran and Kuh-e-Gurpi sections –Zagros}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {190-205}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.12.2.190}, abstract = {Extended AbstractIntroductionUnlike similar sedimentary conditions in the Lower Cretaceous, the Upper Cretaceous sediments of Iran do not have the same facies features. Therefore, in this study, we try to study the sedimentary environment and microfacies. By using data and geochemical methods of Upper Cretaceous sediments, valuable information about the environment and conditions of formation and primary mineralogy of Upper Cretaceous sediments of Dombak-kuh are achieved.Materials and MethodsIn Dombak-kuh section, sampling has been done based on lithological and facies changes in the perpendicular direction towards the layers and at distances of less than 0.5 m to more than 2.5 m. These sections were stained with red alizarin solution and potassium ferrocyanide to distinguish calcite mineralogy from dolomite as well as iron content and the amount of iron in it by Dickson method (Dickson, 1965). The classification and naming of rocks is based on Dunham's method (Dunham, 1962). In sample naming, an attempt has been made to include all major allocations in sample naming in order of frequency. The percentage of abundance was obtained by comparing with Baccelle and Bosellini (1965) comparison tables. The known facies have been compared with the Flugel (2010) facies belt. In presenting the sedimentary model, the terms used in Burchett and Wright (1992) have been used.Results and DiscussionPetrographic studies of this sections revealed 11 microfacies, with 2 microfacies from tidal flat, 1 microfacies from lagoon, 1 microfacies from shoal and 7 microfacies from open marine. All of them belonged to carbonate ramp and are mentioned hereforth: 1. Dolomicrites – Dolomicrosparaite 2. Intraclast Grainstone3.Bioclact Wackestone4. Bioclast Pelloidal Grainston 5. Oligosteginids Packstone6.Nezzazatinella, Dictyoconella Wackestone-Packston 7. Lenticulina/Marginotruncana/ Oligosteginids Wackestone-Packstone 8. Heterohelix /Globotruncana/Macroglobigerielloides Wackestone 9. Oligosteginids/ Macroglobigerielloides / Heterohelix Packstone 10. Heterohelix /Globotruncana/Marginotruncana packstone 11. Globotruncana/ Heterohelix  /Macroglobigerielloides Wackestone-packstone. The characteristics of these deposits indicate that the sedimentary environment was a ramp (hemocline). The absence of calcite turbidite deposits, fall structures, and large reef and oncoid and piezoidal dams confirm the carbonate ramp environment. The results of elemental analysis and plotting of these values against each other indicate that the Upper Cretaceous sediment limestones had primary aragonite mineralogy. The plotting of Mn values against Sr / Ca indicates a semi-closed to open diagenetic environment with a high water/rock ratio.ConclusionAccording to the studies carried out in the Dombak-kuh region, the Upper Cretaceous sediments (Cenomanian-Campanian) have a thickness of 327.7 m, the lower boundary of which is the Tizkuh Formation and is of a steep type, and its upper boundary is a fault which cuts through. Cenomanian sediments, which are 54.26 m thick, start with a progressive conglomerate, and then thoronine sediments, which are 22.85 m thick, first with thick-layered limestone and then with chert limestone, and then with Oligosthenic limestones change the facies and settle on it. Kenyasin sediments with a thickness of 19.85 m with a combination of oligoesterated limestones followed by Santonin sediments with a thickness of 182.80 m and then Campanian sediments with a thickness of 48.5 m form the Upper Cretaceous stratigraphic sequence. . In these sediments, 11 micro-facies were identified, which include tidal zone with 2 micro-losses, lagoon with 1 micro-loss, a dam with 1 micro-loss and open sea with 7 micro-losses. The characteristics of these deposits indicate that the sedimentary environment was a ramp (hemocline). The absence of calcite turbidite deposits, fall structures, and large reef and oncoid and piezoidal dams confirm the carbonate ramp environment. The results of elemental analysis and mapping of these values together indicate that the Upper Cretaceous sediments in this section have an aragonite primary compound, which is placed in a semi-closed to semi-open diagenetic region with a high proportion of water to rock (W/R). }, keywords = {Gurpi Formation,Hydrocarbon generation,Kuh-e-Gurpi,Siah-Kuh,Uranium}, title_fa = {بررسی توان هیدروکربن‌زایی و ارتباط پرتو اورانیوم با محتوای کربن‌آلی در سازندگورپی، برش‌های سیاه‌کوه دهلران و کوه‌گورپی – زاگرس}, abstract_fa = {در این تحقیق سازندگورپی با سن کامپانین تا دانین، در برش یال‌جنوبی ‌سیاه‌کوه دهلران و یال‌‌شمالی کوه‌گورپی بررسی شده است. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی توان هیدروکربن‌زایی و میزان بلوغ حرارتی سازندگورپی براساس پارامترهای حاصل از پیرولیز راک­اول به همراه استفاده از داده‌های گامای سطحی، جهت بررسی نسبت اورانیوم به کربن‌آلی (U / TOC) می‌باشد. ضخامت سازندگورپی در برش سیاه‌کوه 122 متر و در برش کوه‌گورپی 305 متر است. براساس نتایج به دست آمده از پیرولیز راک­ اول (34 نمونه برداشت شده) از سازندگورپی، این سازند از دیدگاه توان هیدروکربن‌زایی در برش سیاه‌کوه، در محدوده ضعیف و در برش کوه‌گورپی در محدوده ضعیف تا متوسط قرار می‌گیرد. مواد آلی موجود در نمونه‌های سازندگورپی در برش سیاه‌کوه از نوع III و II/III و مواد آلی موجود در برش کوه‌گورپی غالبا از نوع II/III و III می‌باشند. مواد آلی موجود در این نمونه‌ها برجا بوده و براساس میزان بلوغ حرارتی نمونه‌های مورد مطالعه، سازند‌گورپی در برش‌های سیاه‌کوه و کوه‌گورپی بالغ و مربوط به پنجره نفت‌زایی و مرحله اصلی تولید هیدروکربن می‌باشد. همچنین بر اساس داده‌های اورانیوم برداشت شده توسط دستگاه پرتونگار گامای سطحی در مقایسه با نتایج کربن‌آلی، مشخص شد که در برش سیاه‌کوه، با افزایش اورانیوم میزان کربن‌آلی کاهش می‌یابد. این رابطه معکوس می‌تواند بر اثر ارتباط اورانیم با حضور ترکیبات فسفاتی و گاها گلوکونیت (نه حضور آن در کربن آلی) بوده باشد. در برش‌ کوه‌گورپی رابطه مستقیم بین تمرکز ماده آلی و مقدار اورانیوم مشاهده شد، فراوانی اورانیوم اغلب توسط کربن آلی کنترل شده است.}, keywords_fa = {اورانیوم,توان‌هیدروکربن‌زایی,سازندگورپی,سیاه‌کوه,کوه‌گورپی}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100774.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100774_4ba638ecf05207708501dabaedd8ffb3.pdf} } @article { author = {Gholizadeh, Kazem and Rasa, Iraj and Yazdi, Mahammad and Boni, Maria}, title = {Geological structures and their role in control of mineralization in Bahramtaj Lead and Zinc deposit, Yazd province, Central Iran}, journal = {Researches in Earth Sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {206-225}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2008-8299}, eissn = {2588-5898}, doi = {10.52547/esrj.12.2.206}, abstract = {Extended AbstractIntroductionIran has large areas of carbonate rocks that host potential reserves of lead and zinc deposits due to suitable geodynamic conditions and carbonate platforms. So far, more than 300 zinc-lead deposits have been reported with sedimentary hosts in Iran. Bahramtaj lead and zinc deposit is located in Central Iran zone, which is hosted by Precambrian-Cambrian formations (Rizo, Dezo and Aqda). In this paper, an attempt has been made to present the structural formation model of Bahramtaj lead and zinc mineralization by combining the results obtained from the study of geological structures, the relationship between structures and specific mineralization.Materials and methodsIn this study, various geological structures such as faults, joints and folds at the local scale as well as in the Bahramtaj prospect area have been studied. After identifying the main and important structures influencing the region, the structural and tectonic status of Bahramtaj area, the relationship between geological structures and mineralization are also studied. Due to the availability of Google Earth images with an approximate accuracy of 30 meters, as well as the use of digital topographic images with an accuracy of 30 meters and ETM + images, and using remote sensing software, the tectonic position of the region has been discussed.Results and DiscussionFaultsExistence of different generations of faults and fractures each related to a generation across fault zones has caused confusion and complexity of rock units in Bahramtaj mining area. Investigation of fault zones and geological structures related to fault movements (formation of fracture zones, fault gouge and fault breccia) in the faults of the area indicate their formation in fragile and shallow environments. The main stress trends of the region based on diagrams related to faults and fractures of the region, indicate their compliance with the stress distribution due to the performance of the main faults in the region, which are N044 and N337 in the direction of maximum stress in the region.FoldsIn Bahramtaj mining area, different changes in the type of deformation have occurred at different times. In the oldest rocks of the area, which are most exposed in the northern parts, Cambrian carbonate units show at least two generations of folds and various types of open and closed folds, inverted and asymmetrical in different scales. In most cases, the old corrugated edges are limited and broken by longitudinal faults, and due to the undertaken different stresses in different directions, a lot of rotation has occurred in the direction of their axis and geometry. Considering the structural condition of the region and the distribution of stress based on the existing structural evidence in the range and geometry of the folds of the younger generations, it is possible to imagine older clockwise rotation trends for this generation of the folds of the range. Regarding the formation, the folds of the area have been affected by the performance of the main fault in the region. Therefore, the predominant direction of the folds, show the azimuth N120.ConclusionBased on field evidence and studies, it was found that mineralization coincided with the activity of the strike-slip fault with a northwest-southeast direction. The development and expansion of mineralization in different regions in the two systems are different. Expansion of zinc and lead mineralization in the direction of northwest-southeast faults express the positive effect of east-west fault activity on the number of openings. Creation of convenient places in tensile fractures related to the northwest-southeast fracture system, has caused lead and zinc mineralization to be more widespread in the tensile zones associated with this system.}, keywords = {Zink and lead mineralization,Bahramtaj mining district,faults,folds,Central Iran}, title_fa = {ساختارهای زمین‌شناسی و نقش آن‌ها در کنترل کانی‌سازی در محدوده معدنی سرب و روی بهرامتاج، یزد، ایران مرکزی}, abstract_fa = {محدوده معدنی سرب و روی بهرامتاج در 90 کیلومتری شمال­غرب شهر یزد و 10 کیلومتری جنوب­غرب عقدا، استان یزد قرار دارد. از لحاظ موقعیت زمین­شناسی معدن بهرامتاج در زون ایران مرکزی قرار می­گیرد. سنگ­های رخنمون یافته در معدن شامل سازندهای عقدا، لالون و واحدهای تفکیک نشده پرکامبرین تا کامبرین (سری دزو) است. کانسنگ موجود در محدوده متشکل از لنزها، رگه­ها و رگچه­های غیرسولفیدی روی و سرب مانند کانی­های اسمیت­زونیت، همی­مورفیت، هیدوزینکیت، سروزیت و به مقدار کمتر کانی­های سولفیدی سرب مانند گالن و اکسیدهای مس (مالاکیت، بچرریت و اوری­کلسیت) هستند که در سنگ‌های آهکی- دولومیتی پالئوزوئیک (بین شیل-کربنات یا توالی­های کربناته) تشکیل شده­اند. توالی­های سنگی منطقه تحت­تأثیر گسل­های ناحیه­ای از جمله گسل­های شمال فخرآباد (رورانده- معکوس با مولفه راستالغز راستگرد) و گسل امتدادلغز راستگرد نائین- سورک و شکستگی­های مرتبط با آن­ها که روند غالب شمال­شرقی- جنوب­غربی تا شرقی- غربی را دارا هستند، قرار گرفته­اند. لنزها و رگه­های کانی­سازی سرب و روی به خصوص کانی­های غیرسولفیدی روی در مناطق گسل، زون­های برشی و چین­خورده به­طور واضح دیده می­شود. مطالعات زمین ساختی نشان داد که گسترش کانی­سازی روی و سرب در راستای گسلش­های شمال­غربی- جنوب­شرقی بیانگر تاثیر کششی مربوط به سیستم شکستگی شمال­غرب- جنوب­شرق است، که سبب شده تا در پهنه­های کششی مرتبط با این سیستم، کانی­سازی سرب و روی گسترش بیشتری داشته باشد. گسل­های شمال شرق- جنوب­غرب که جوا­ن­تر از گسل­های دیگر بوده، نقش نسبتا کمتری در کانی­سازی غیرسولفیدی داشته ولی غالبا باعث جابجایی پهنه­های کانی­سازی­ شده­اند.}, keywords_fa = {ایران مرکزی,چین‌خوردگی,کانی‌سازی سرب و روی,گسل‌ها,محدوده معدنی بهرامتاج}, url = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100780.html}, eprint = {https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_100780_44654f869989ff473d468a0da9b6b675.pdf} }