Shahid Beheshti University Researches in Earth Sciences 2008-8299 16 Special Issue 2025 12 01 Autonomous vehicles and environmental law: Rethinking tort liability Autonomous vehicles and environmental law: Rethinking tort liability 1 17 106290 10.48308/esrj.2025.240592.1285 FA Adnan Khaleel Kadhim Al-Turath University, Baghdad 10013, Iraq 0009-0000-8897-5870 Saad Abdulhameed Shalev Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 10067, Iraq Shaker Jameel Sajat Awadh Al-Mamoon University College, Baghdad 10067, Iraq Wafaa Adnan Sajid Al-Rafidain University College Baghdad 10064, Iraq Abdalfattah Sharad Madenat Alelem University College, Baghdad 10006, Iraq Ata Amini Kurdistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sanandaj, Iran Hosna Shafaei Department Water Science and Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Journal Article 2025 07 07 Autonomous vehicles (AVs) pose new environmental liability challenges as a new class of vehicles rapidly takes to the road. The legal framework model for human-operated vehicles is not able to anticipate the emissions and ecological consequences of AV operations. In this Research, the authors highlight the limitations of current legal doctrines and suggest potential new models for integrating environmental accountability into AV liability registration. To create a robust liability system that focuses on environmental damages as the primary lens for AV technology manufacturers/operators to be held responsible for their ecological impacts. The use of the Multi-Factor Environmental Liability Model (MELM) was implemented through a mixed-method approach that involved legal doctrinal analysis, comparative case studies, and applying the Multi-Factor Environmental Liability Model (MELM). The process involved reviewing both primary and secondary data (statutory laws, regulatory policies, and court cases) and carrying out quantitative simulations of liability scenarios. The findings suggest that hybrid liability models, which combine strict liability and a no-fault approach, are the most effective solution. By providing price signals, these models assist in reducing emissions while keeping costs under control. The study emphasizes the importance of global regulatory harmonization and cross-disciplinary cooperation for sustainable environmental outcomes across jurisdictions.  The study asserts that liability systems must adapt to pollution caused by AVs. The Research presents a hybrid model as a practical and flexible approach, emphasizing the need for continuous interdisciplinary interaction between legal scholars, environmental fellows, and engineers to achieve sustainable development of AV technology. <strong> </strong> Autonomous vehicles (AVs) pose new environmental liability challenges as a new class of vehicles rapidly takes to the road. The legal framework model for human-operated vehicles is not able to anticipate the emissions and ecological consequences of AV operations. In this Research, the authors highlight the limitations of current legal doctrines and suggest potential new models for integrating environmental accountability into AV liability registration. To create a robust liability system that focuses on environmental damages as the primary lens for AV technology manufacturers/operators to be held responsible for their ecological impacts. The use of the Multi-Factor Environmental Liability Model (MELM) was implemented through a mixed-method approach that involved legal doctrinal analysis, comparative case studies, and applying the Multi-Factor Environmental Liability Model (MELM). The process involved reviewing both primary and secondary data (statutory laws, regulatory policies, and court cases) and carrying out quantitative simulations of liability scenarios. The findings suggest that hybrid liability models, which combine strict liability and a no-fault approach, are the most effective solution. By providing price signals, these models assist in reducing emissions while keeping costs under control. The study emphasizes the importance of global regulatory harmonization and cross-disciplinary cooperation for sustainable environmental outcomes across jurisdictions.  The study asserts that liability systems must adapt to pollution caused by AVs. The Research presents a hybrid model as a practical and flexible approach, emphasizing the need for continuous interdisciplinary interaction between legal scholars, environmental fellows, and engineers to achieve sustainable development of AV technology. <strong> </strong> https://esrj.sbu.ac.ir/article_106290_bf1efa98e9aa0f41aed7ccb913bbaf00.pdf