Evidence of triassic neotethys opening in Sanandaj_Sirjan zone, according to petrographic, geochemical and geochronological studies, in Esfandabad region of Yazd

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran

2 Pasadena California Institute of Technology, California, USA

Abstract

Introduction
The evolutionary history of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone has been influenced by two extensional and
compressional regimes that have caused rifting, subduction, collision and its final closure. The study area is
located in Esfandabad city of Yazd province. The sequence contains dark colored andesitic, rhyolitic and
basaltic lava with interlayers of volcanoclastic and sedimentary units. The volcanic rocks detected contain
aphanitic textures and have dark gray to black color with oxidized surface, fractures and pores. These
volcanic rocks have a layered flow and are mostly seen as dome-shaped structures and are sometimes in the
form of dikes. Another characteristic of this group of rocks is the green color obtained from the secondary
minerals of chlorite and epidot, as a result of the alteration applied to them. The volcanoclastic rocks are
mainly fine-grained and welded purple tufts.
Materials and Methods
In order to achieve the aim of this study, after descriptive studies, field operations were performed in three
stages and 100 samples were taken from the desired outcrops and thin sections were prepared. After
petrographic studies, less altered samples were selected and sent to the GeoLeb Laboratory in Canada for
geochemical analyzing using XRF, ICP-MS and ICP-IAS methods. Age studies have been conducted at the
Caltech Institute in California.
Results and Discussion
In microscopic studies, the dominant texture in basaltic rock is porphyry, consisting of plagioclase, olivine
and pyroxene in a fine-grained matrix composed of plagioclase, epidote, chlorite, sphene and opaque
minerals. Andesitic rocks have microporphyric and seriate textures consisting of plagioclase, in a fine
grained matrix consisting of plagioclase, pyroxene, quartz, epidote, carbonate and chlorite alteration
products and opaque minerals. Rhyolite rocks have a microcrystalline to hyalline texture consisting of quartz,
alkali feldspar and plagioclase. Evidence such as sosoritization of plagioclase, filling of cavities by chlorite
and zeolite, idingitizated or chlorinated olivine and uralite pyroxene crystals indicate the performance of
metamorphic phenomena in the studied rocks.
Conclusion
In microscopic studies, the dominant texture in basaltic rock is porphyry, consisting of plagioclase, olivine and
pyroxene in a fine-grained matrix composed of plagioclase, epidote, chlorite, sphene and opaque minerals.
Andesitic rocks have microporphyric and seriate textures consisting of plagioclase, in a fine grained matrix
consisting of plagioclase, pyroxene, quartz, epidote, carbonate and chlorite alteration products and opaque
minerals. Rhyolite rocks have a microcrystalline to hyalline texture consisting of quartz, alkali feldspar and
plagioclase. Evidence such as sosoritization of plagioclase, filling of cavities by chlorite and zeolite, idingitizated
or chlorinated olivine and uralite pyroxene crystals indicate the performance of metamorphic phenomena in the
studied rocks.

Keywords

References

  1. -اشراقی، ص.ع.، روشنروان، ج. و سبزه یی، ج.، 1378. نقشه زمین‌شناسی یکصد هزارم قطروییه، سازمان زمین‌شناسی کشور.
  2. -خبازنیا، ا.ر.، 1374. نقشه زمین‌شناسی یکصد هزارم ابرکوه، سازمان زمین‌شناسی کشور.
  3. -روشنروان، ج.، اشراقی، ص.ع. و سبزه یی، م.، 1376. نقشه زمین‌شناسی یکصد هزارم سیرجان، سازمان زمین‌شناسی کشور.
  4. -شهیدی، ع.، ۱۹۷۹. نقشه زمین‌شناسی یکصد هزارم ده بید، سازمان زمین‌شناسی کشور.
  5. -شهیدی، ع.، ۱۹۷۹. نقشه زمین‌شناسی یکصد هزارم ژیان، سازمان زمین‌شناسی کشور.
  6. -هوشمند زاده، ع. و سهیلی، م.، 1369. نقشه زمین‌شناسی یک دویست و پنجاه هزار اقلید، سازمان زمین‌شناسی کشور.
  7.  
  8.  
  9. -Arsalan, M. and Aslan, Z., 2006. Mineralogy, petrography and whole-rock geochemistry of the Tertiary granitic intrusions in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 27(2), p. 177-193.
  10. -Alavi, M., 1994. Tectonics of the Zagros Orogenic belt of Iran; new data and interpretations, Tectonophysics, v. 299, p. 211-238.
  11. -Alric, G. and Virlogeux, D., 1977. Petrographie et ge´ochimie des roches metamorphiques et magmatiques de la region de Deh Bid – Bavanat, Chaîne de Sanandaj-Sirjan, Iran. Thèse 3e`me cycle, universite´ scientifique et medicale de Grenoble, France, 316 p.
  12. -ANDERSON, D.L., 1994. Lithosphere and flood basalts, Nature, v. 367, p. 226-226.
  13. -Arsalan, M. and Aslan, Z., 2006. "Mineralogy, petrography and whole-rock geochemistry of the Tertiary granitic intrusions in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey", Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 27, p. 177-193.
  14. -Baker, J.A., Menzies, M.A., Thirwall, M.F. and McPherson, C.G., 1997. Petrogenesis of Quaternary intraplate volcanism, Sana'a Yemen: implications for plume–lithosphere interaction and polybaric melt hybridisation. Journal of Petrology, v. 38, p. 1359-1390.
  15. -Brueseke, M.E. and Hart, W.K., 2009. Intermediate composition magma production in an intracontinental setting: Unusual andesites and dacites of the mid-miocene Santa Rosa-Calico volcanic field, Northern Nevada. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 188, p. 197-213.
  16. -Bogard, P.J.F. and Warner, G., 2003. Petrogenesis of basanitic to tholiitic volcanic rock fram the Miocene Vgelsberg, Central Germany,Journal of Petrology, v. 44, p. 569-602.
  17. -Brueseke, M.E. and Hart, W.K., 2009. Intermediate Composition Magma Production in an Intracontinental Setting: Unusual Andesites and Dacites of the Mid-Miocene Santa Rosa-Calico Volcanic Field, Northern Nevada, Journal of volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 188, p. 197-213.
  18. -Brunet, M.F., Wilmsen, M. and Granath, J.W., 2009. South Caspian to Central Iran Basins, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 312, p. 45-59.
  19. -Campbell, I.H. and Griffiths, R.W., 1990. Implications of mantle plume structure for the evolution of flood basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 90, p. 79-93.
  20. -Carlson, R.W. and Hart, W.K., 1988. Flood Basalt Volcanism in the Northwestern United States. In: McDougal, J.D., Ed., Continental Basalt, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Durdrecht, Netherland, p. 273-310.
  21. -Cox, K.G., Bell, J.D. and Pankhurst, R.J., 1979. The interpretation of igneous rocks. Allen and Unwin, London.
  22. -EftekharNezhad, J., 1980. Discrimination of different part of Iran based on structural situation in relation with sedimentary basins. Iranian Petroleum Institute Magazine, v. 82, p. 19-28.
  23. -Fan, W.M., Gue, F., Wang, Y.J. and Lin, G., 2003. Late Mesozoic calc- alkaline volcanism of orogenic extension in the northern Da Hinggan mountains, northern China. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 121, p. 115-135.
  24. -Fitton, J.G., Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J., Hardarson, B.S. and Taylor, R.N., 1997. Thermal and chemical structure of the Iceland Plume, Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters, v. 153, p. 197-208.
  25. -Gencalioglu Kuscu, G. and Geneli, F., 2010. Review of post-collisional volcanism in the central Anatolian volcanic province (Turkey), with special reference to the Tepekoy volcanic complex. International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 99(3), p. 593-621.
  26. -Hoffman, A.M., 1997. Mantle Geochemistry: The Messages from Oceanic Volcanism, Nature, v. 385, p. 219-229.
  27. -Hushmandzadeh, A., Sabzehei, M. and Berberian, M., 1972. A brief note on Early Kimmerian orogeny and high grade metamorphism in the Sanandaj-Sirjan Belt (Sirjan-Esfandagheh), Iran. Geol. Surv. Iran, Int. Rep., 3 p.
  28. -Hushmandzadeh, A., Sabzehei, M. and Berberian, M., 1972. A brief note on Early Kimmerian orogeny and high grade metamorphism in the Sanandaj-Sirjan Belt (Sirjan-Esfandagheh), Iran. Geol. Surv. Iran, Int. Rep., 3 p.
  29. -King, S.D. and Anderson, D.L., 1995. An alternative mechanism of flood basalt formation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 136, p. 269-279.
  30. -King, S.D. and Anderson, D.L., 1998. Edge-driven convection, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 160, p. 289-296.
  31. -Le Bas, M.J., Le Maître, R.W., Streckeisene, A.X. and Zanettin, B., 1986. A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram, Journal of Petrology, v. 27, p. 745-750.
  32. -Le maitre, R.W., 1976a. The chemical variability of some common igneous rocks, Journal of Petrology, v. 17, p. 589-637.
  33. -Lightfoot, P.C. and Keays, R.R., 2005. Siderophile and chalcophile metal variations in tertiary picrites and basalts from west Greenland with implications for the sulphide saturation history of continental flood basalt magmas. Economic Geology, v. 100, p. 439-462.
  34. -Middlemost, E.A.K., 1991. Towards a comprehensive classification of igneous rock system, Earth Science Reviews, v. 37, p. 215-224.
  35. -Mc Donough, W.F., Sun, S., Ringwood, A.E., Jagoutz, E. and Hofmann, A.W., 1991. Potassium, rubidium, and cesium in the Earth and Moon and the evolution of the mantle of the Earth, GeochimicaetCosmochimicaActa, v. 26, p. 1001-1012.
  36. -Morata, D., Oliva, C., Cruz, R. and Suarez, M., 2005. The Bandurrias gabbro: Late Oligocene alkaline magmatism in the Patagonian Cordillera, Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 18, p. 147-162.
  37. -Pearce, J.A. and Norry, M.J., 1979. Petrogenetic Implications of Ti, Zr, Y, and Nb Variation in Volcanic Rocks, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 69, p. 33-47.
  38. -PEARCE, J.A., 1982. Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries, In Andesites: Orogenic Andesites and Related Rocks (R.S. Thorpe, ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K. p. 525-548.
  39. -Pearce, J.A., 1983. Role of Sub-Continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins, In: Continental basalts and mantle xenoliths (Eds. Howkesworth, C.J. and Norry, M.J, Shiva Publication, Nantwich, p. 230-249.
  40. -Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B. and Tindle, G.A., 1984. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitoid rocks, Journal of Petrology, v. 25, p. 956-983.
  41. -Pearce, T.H., Russell, J.K. and Wolfson, I., 1987. Laser- interference and normarski interference imaging of zoning profiles in plagioclase phenocrysts from the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington. American Mineralogist, v. 72, p. 1131-1143.
  42. -Pearce, T.H. and Peate, D.W., 1995. Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 23, p. 251-285.
  43. -Plank, T., 2005. Constraints from thoriu.m/lanthanum on sediment recycling at subduction zones and the evolution of the continents, Journal of Petroleum, v. 46, p. 921 -944.
  44. -Regelous, M., Hofman, A.W., Abouchami, W. and Galer, S.J.G., 2003. "Geochemistry of lavas from the Emperor Seamounts and the geochemical evolution of Hawaiian magmatism from 85 to 42 Ma", Journal of Petrology, v. 44, p. 113-140.
  45. -Richards, M.A., Duncan, R.A. and Courtillot, V.E., 1989. Flood basalts and hot-spot tracks: plume heads and tails, Sciencev, v. 246, p. 103-107.
  46. -Rollinson, H.R., 1993. Using geochemical Data: evaluation, presentation and interpretation, Longman Scientific and Technical, London.
  47. -Sengör, A.M.C., 1990. A new model for the Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic tectonic evolution of Iran and implications for Oman, In: Robertson, A. H., Searle, M. P. & Ries, A. C. (eds) The Geology and Tectonics of the Oman region. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 49, p. 797-83.
  48. -Sabzehei, M., 1974. Les melange ophiolitiques de la region de E~fandagheh, These d’etate, Universite de Grenoble, France.
  49. -Schandl, E.S. and Gorton, M.P., 2002. Applications of high field strength elements to discriminate tectonic setting in VMS environments, Economic geology, v. 97, p. 629-642.
  50. -Shaw, J.E., Baker, J.A., Menzies, M.A., Thirlwall, M.F. and Ibrahim, K.M., 2003. Petrogenesis of the largest intraplate volcanic field on the Arabian plate (Jordan): a mixed lithosphere– asthenosphere source activated by lithospheric extension, Journal of Petrology, v. 44, p. 1657-1679.
  51. -Shafeie, Z., 2016. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of tertiary volcanic rocks of the eastern Roodbar, Alborz mountain, north of Iran. Open journal of geology, v. 6, p. 1296-1311.
  52. -Shafaii Moghadam, H. and Stern, R.J., 2011. Geodynamic evolution of Upper Cretaceous Zagros ophiolites: formation of oceanic lithosphere above a nascent subduction zone, Geological Magazine, v. 148(5–6), p. 762-801.
  53. -Sheikholeslami, M.R., Pique, A., Mobayen, P., Sabzehei, M., Bellon, H. and Hashem Emami, M., 2008. Tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Neyriz metamorphic complex, Quri-Kor-e-Sefid area (Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, SW Iran), Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 31, p. 504-521.
  54. -Shimizu, N. and Kushiro, I., 1975. Partitioning of rare-earth elements between garnet and liquid at high-pressures – prelim.
  55. -Smith, E.I., Sanchez, A., Walker, J.D. and Wang, K., 1999. Geochemistry of mafic magmas in the Hurricane Volcanic Field, Utah: implications for small- and large scale chemical variability of the lithospheric mantle, Journal of Geology, v. 107, p. 433-448.
  56. -Stein, M. and Hofmann, A.W., 1992. Mantle plumes and episodic crustal growth, Nature, v. 372, p. 63-68.
  57. -Stein, M., Starinsky, A., Katz, A., Goldstein, S.L., Machlus, M. and Schramm, A., 1997. Strontium isotopic, chemical, and sedimentological evidence for evolution on Lake Lisan and the Dead Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim, Acta, v. 61, p. 3975-3992.
  58. -Stocklin, J., 1974. Possible ancient continental margins in Iran. In: Burk, C. A. and Drake, C. L. (Eds.): The Geology of Continental Margins, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 873-887.
  59. -Sun, S. and McDonough, W., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematic of oceanic basalt: Implications for mantle composition and processes, Magmatism in the Ocean Basins, Geological Society Special Publications, v. 42, p. 313-345.
  60. -Stein, M. and Hofmann, A.V.Z.W., 1992. Fossil plume head beneath the Arabian lithosphere? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 114, p. 193-209.
  61. -Stein, M., Navon, O. and Kessel, R., 1997. Chromatographic metasomatism of the Arabian-Nubian lithosphere, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 152, p. 75-91.
  62. -Tepper, J.H., Nelson, B.K., Bergantz, G.W. and Irving, A.J., 1993. Petrology of the Chilliwack batholith, North Cascades, Washington: generation of calc-alkaline granitoids by melting of mafic lower crust with variable water fugacity, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 113(3), p. 333-351.
  63. -Turcotte, D.J.L. and Emennan, S.H., 1983. Mechanism, of active and passive rifting, Tectonophysics, v. 94, p. 39-50.
  64. -Upadhyay, D., Raith, M.M., Mezger, K., Bhattacharya, A. and Kinny, P.D., 2006. Mesoproterozoic rifting and Pan-African continental collision in SE India: evidence from the Khariar alkaline complex, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 151, p. 434-456.
  65. -Vaughan, A.P.M. and Scarrow, J.H., 2003. K-rich mantle metasomatism in control of localization and initiation of lithospheric strike-slip faulting. Terra Nova, v. 15, p. 163-169.
  66. -Walter, M.J., 1998. Melting of garnet peridotite and the origin of komatiite and depleted lithosphere, Journal of Petrology, v. 39, p. 29-60.
  67. -Walter, M.J, Sisson, T.W. and Presnall, D.C., 1995. A mass proportion method for calculating melting reactions and applications to melting of model upper mantle lherzolite, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 135, p. 77-90.
  68. -Weaver, B.L. and Tarney, J., 1984. Empirical approach to estimating the composition of the continental crust, Nature, v. 310, p. 575-577.
  69. -White, R.S. and Mckenzie, D., 1989. Magmatism at rift zones: the generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts, Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, p. 7685-7729.
  70. -Wilson, M., 1989. Igneous Petrogenesis: A Global Tectonic Approach, Unwin Hyman, London.
  71. -Wilson, M., 1989. Igneous Petrogenesis a global tectonic approach, Unwin Hyman, London.
  72. -Wilson, M. and Lyashkevich, Z.M., 1996. Magmatism and the geodynamics of rifting of the Pripyat-Dnieper-Donetsrift, East European Platform, Tectonophysics, v. 268, p. 65-81.
  73. -Winchester, J.A. and Floyd, P.A., 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements, Chemical Geology, v. 20, p. 325-343.
  74. -Zhu, D.C., Pan, G.T., Mo, X.X., Liao, Z.L., Jiang, X.S., Wang, L.Q. and Zhao, Z.D., 2007. Petrogenesis of Volcanic Rocks in the Sangxiu Formation, Central Segment of Tethyan Himalaya: A Probable Example of Plume-Litospher Interaction, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 29, p. 320-335.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics