تغییرات ریزرخساره‌ای، عنصری و ایزوتوپی نهشته‌های کربناته سازند تیرگان (بارمین-آپسین) در حوضه رسوبی کپه داغ (شمال شرق ایران)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زمین‌شناسی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

2 گروه زمین‌شناسی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: حوضه رسوبی کپه داغ به صورت یک حوضه درون قاره­ای، به دنبال بسته شدن اقیانوس پالئوتتیس بر اثر تصادم و برخورد بین دو قاره ایران و توران و بر اثر فاز کوهزایی سیمیرین پیشین شکل گرفته است و در پی تاثیر کوهزایی سیمیرین پیشین، در زمان تریاس میانی به وجود آمده است. رسوبگذاری کربنات­های کم­عمق در زمان کرتاسه زیرین (بارمین-آپسین) در حوضه رسوبی کپه داغ به عنوان سازند تیرگان معرفی گردیده است. این سازند در سه برش مورد مطالعه به صورت هم شیب بر روی سازند سیلیسی آواری شوریجه و در زیر سازند آهکی-مارنی سرچشمه قرار دارد.
مواد و روش­ها: در این تحقیق این سازند با استفاده از مطالعات پتروگرافی و آنالیزهای ژئوشیمیایی، به منظور ارزیابی مدل رسوبی، کانی­شناسی اولیه کربناته و فرایندهای دیاژنزی در برش­های شیروان (7/197 متر)، قوچان (4/464 متر) و چناران (8/127 متر) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. جهت مطالعات پتروگرافی 720 مقطع نازک تهیه شد. برای جداسازی کلسیت و دولومیت آهن­دار از نمونه­های بدون آهن، نمونه­ها توسط محلول فروسیانید پتاسیم به روش (Dickson, 1996) رنگ­آمیزی شدند. به منظور نامگذاری سنگ­های کربناته از روش دانهام (Dunham, 1962) و سنگ­های آواری نیز از طبقه­بندی فولک (Folk, 1980) بهره­گیری شد. همچنین برای تفسیر ریزرخساره ها و ارائه مدل رسوبی از روش فلوگل (Flugel, 2010) کمک گرفته شد. به منظور بررسی­های ژئوشیمیایی، 41 نمونه به روش ICP-OES در مرکز تحقیقات فرآوری مواد معدنی ایران-کرج (شرکت ایمیدرو) جهت آنالیز عنصری و به روش ICP-MS در مرکز آزمایشگاهی علوم دانشگاه Ottawa کانادا جهت ایزوتوپ کربن و اکسیژن آنالیز شد.
نتایج و بحث: مطالعات پتروگرافی منجر به تشخیص 18 ریزرخساره گردید که در چهار کمربند رخساره­ای دریای باز، لاگون، سدی و جزر و مدی نهشته شدند. فراوانی رخساره­های جزر و مدی همراه با رخساره­های اائیدی سدی و نبود سدهای بزرگ ریفی و رسوبات توربیدایتی حاکی از رسوبگذاری این سازند در یک سیستم رمپ هم شیب کربناته می­باشد. فرایندهای دیاژنزی در این سازند شامل: سیمانی شدن، میکریتی شدن، انحلال، فشردگی، دولومیتی شدن و سیلیسی شدن می­باشد. فراوانی اجزای اسکلتی و غیراسکلتی از جنس کلسیت اشاره به کانی­شناسی اولیه کلسیتی در کربنات­های سازند تیرگان در زمان تشکیل دارد. هم چنین مقادیر عناصر اصلی (Mg، Ca) و فرعی (Sr، Na، Mn، Fe) و گستره ایزوتوپی اکسیژن 18 و کربن 13 سنگ آهک­های سازند تیرگان، نیز نشان دهنده ترکیب کانی­شناسی اولیه کلسیتی در این نواحی است. هم چنین این مقدار تاثیر محیط دیاژنز تدفینی بر روی این نهشته­ها را در یک سیستم دیاژنزی نیمه بسته و نسبت آب به سنگ پایین نشان می­دهد. دمای اولیه دیاژنتیکی آب دریا به­طور میانگین در زمان ته­نشست کربنات­های سازند تیرگان با بهره­گیری از سنگین­ترین ایزوتوپ اکسیژن در نمونه­های آهکی، 21/18 درجه سانتی­گراد برآورد شده است.
نتیجه ­گیری: مقایسه اطلاعات به دست آمده از سه برش مورد مطالعه و اطلاعات ارائه شده از نواحی شرقی و غربی نشان دهنده افزایش دما و در نتیجه افزایش استرانسیم به سمت غرب می­باشد که حاکی از تغییر ترکیب کانی­شناسی از کلسیتی به آراگونیتی از سمت شرق به غرب حوضه می­باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of facies, elemental and isotopic changes of carbonate deposits of Tirgan Formation (Barrmian-Aptian) in Kopeh Dagh sedimentary basin (Northeast of Iran)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Samanesadat rafati 1
  • Mohammad Javanbakht 2
  • Davood Jahani 1
  • Mohsen Pourkermani 1
  • Nader Kohansal Ghadimvand 1
1 Department of geology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of geology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: The Kopeh Dagh sedimentary basin is an intercontinental basin formed following the closure of the Paleo-tethys ocean due to a collision between the two continents of Iran and Turan and in has arisen the Early Cimmerian orogenic phase. Deposition of shallow carbonates during the Lower Cretaceous (Barmin-Apsin) in the Kopet Dagh sedimentary basin has been introduced as the Tirgan Formation. This formation is located in three studied sections on the Shurijeh detrital siliceous formation and below the limestone-marni formation of Sarcheshmeh.
Materials and methods: In this research, this formation uses petrographic studies and geochemical analyzes to evaluate the sedimentary model, primary carbonate mineralogy and diagenetic processes in Shirvan (197.7 m), Quchan (464.4 m) and Chenaran (127.8) sections. 720 thin sections were prepared for petrographic studies. To separate ferroan calcite and dolomite from nonferroan samples, the samples were stained with potassium ferrocyanide solution (Dickson, 1996). In order to name carbonate rocks, the method (Dunham, 1962) and detrital rocks, classification (Folk, 1980) were used. The method (Flugel, 2010) was also used to interpret the facies and present the sedimentary model. For geochemical studies, 41 samples were analyzed by ICP-OES method in Iran-Karaj Mineral Processing Research Center (Emidro Company) for elemental analysis and by ICP-MS method in Science Laboratory Center of Ottawa University of Canada for carbon isotope and oxygen.
Results and discussion: Petrographic studies led to the identification of 18 microfacies that were deposited in four facies belts open marin, lagoon, Barrier and tidal flat. The frequency of tidal facies along with barrier facies and the absence of large reef barrier and turbidite sediments indicate the deposition of this formation in a ramp system with a carbonate slope. Diagenetic processes in this formation include: cementation, micritization, dissolution, compaction, dolomitization, fracture, stylolitification and silicification. The abundance of skeletal and non-skeletal components of calcite along with calcite cement, abundance and presence of dolomite with high content of stransiom refers to the initial mineralization of calcite in the carbonates of Tirgan Formation in time. Also, the values ​​of major (Mg, Ca) and minor elements (Sr, Na, Mn, Fe) and the isotopic range of oxygen 18 and carbon 13 of the limestones of Tirgan Formation, also indicate the composition of primary calcite mineralogy in these areas. This value also shows the impact of the burial diagenesis environment on these deposits in a semi-closed diagenesis system with a low water-to-rock ratio. The average diagenetic temperature of seawater at the time of sedimentation of carbonates of Tirgan Formation using the heaviest oxygen isotope in calcareous samples is estimated to be 18.21 ° C.
Conclusion: Comparison of the data obtained from the three studied sections and the information provided from the eastern and western regions, shows an increase in temperature and thus an increase in strontium to the west, which it is indicates a change in the mineralogical composition from calcite to aragonite from east to west basin.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Diageneses
  • Carbonate sediment geochemistry
  • Tirgan formation
  • Sedimentary model
 
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