نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران
2 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران
3 مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش منابع طبیعی و کشاورزی استان فارس، شیراز، ایران
4 گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران
5 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Introduction
Gully erosion is a destructive form of water erosion that cuse lost a significant amount of valuable soil and its control requires understanding the relationships between the characteristics that affect this phenomenon. The purpose of this study was determining the most effective variables on the gully volume and length.
Materials and methods
Gullied area identifed with Google earth in the Jahan Abad, Buin zahra (Qazvin province), 33 gullies were selected, recorded by GPS and their morphologic characteristics including length, width and depth were measured. Surface soil samples were taken from headcut and were analyzed for texture, EC, pH, organic matter and some Anions and Cations. Indices related to the form of watershed were extracted from the digital elevation model which derived from UAV image processing. Correlation between factors, PCA and multivariate regression were performed to determine important and effective factors on gullies volume and length in MINITAB.
Results and discussion
Results indicated that gullies have vertical headcuts, trapezoidal cross-sections and linear general plan. The average depth of headcuts, depth at 50% of the gully length and the average gully length were 0.35, 0.47 and 13.46 m, respectively. Soil texture was loam and average soil texture components including sand, silt and clay were 38, 38 and 24%, respectively. The mean EC and pH of the samples was 11.2 dSm-1 and 8.7 respectively. Linear correlation between the total volume of soil volume and length and other characteristics showed that silt have significant correlation coefficients at 1% percent level 0.465 and 0.510, respectively. PCA with soil characteristics and watershed characteristics showed that the first and second components are close to 41% and 8 other dimensions with egen value more than one, with 84.2% are responsible for changes. Chlorine, electrical conductivity and sodium with negative effect and aggregate stability, canopy and amount of sand with positive charge in the first component have the most weight, while in the second component, sand, canopy and amount of gravel with positive effect and TNV, organic matter and saturation percentage play a more important role. The results of multivariate regression also showed that carbonate, magnesium, potassium, organic matter, saturation percentage, amount of sand, slope of gully floor, slope of inlet waterway to headcut, litter, basin primeter, respectively, effective properties on soil loss by gully in the region. Form coefficient had the greatest effect on soil loss, respectively, and were included in the prediction equation of soil loss with R2 of 0.837. Stepwise regression with the dependent variable of gully length showed that the relationship has R2 of 72.98% and is significant at the percentage level.
Conclusion
Factors affecting the length of the gully included the percentage of saturation, the amount of sand, specific gravity, the slope of the gully floor, the slope of the waterway entering the upstream, geravel, basin area and slope.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Persian References:
-Peyrowan, H.R., 2015. Revision, completion and publication of the atlas of the country's watersheds (Salt Lake Basin Central), Soil Conservation and Watershed Research Institute, 135 p.
-Jahantigh, M. and Tabe, M., 2017. Comparing soil physico-chemical characteristics and trapezoidal and v-shaped gully morphology with different land uses in dry areas, case study: Hossinzahi and Nalint regions of Chabahar. Journal of Watershed Engineering and Management, v. 9(3), p. 308-317.
-Damizadeh, M. and ShadFar, S., 2021. Assessment of long-term changes of Gully Erosion Growth in Kondouran Catchment, Hormozgan Province. E.E.R.; v. 11(3), p. 140-159.
-Soleimanpour, S.M., Soufi, M. and Ahmadi, H., 2013. The Effects of Surface Soil Characteristics on Length Expansion Gullies in Different Climates of Fars Province. jwmseir, v. 7(22), p. 75-77.
-Soleimanpour, S.M., Soufi, M., Rousta, M.J., Shadfar, S., Jowkar, L. and Keshavarzi, H.A., 2019. Identifying the Effective Factors on the Length Extension of Gullies in Ghazeian Watershed, Fars Province. jwmr,; v. 10(20), p. 72-82.
-Shahbazi, K. and Vakili tajareh, F., 2021. Prioritization of Effective Factors on Gully Erosion and Determination of Sensitive Areas in Kermanshah Province Using MaxEnt Model. jwmseir; v. 15(54), p. 48-58.
-Saffari, A., Karam, A., Shadfar, S. and Ahmadi, M., 2019. The Influence of Soil Characteristics on the Morphology and Expansion of Gully Erosion Case Study: (Lamerd River Basin, Mehran, Fars), v. 8(1), p. 130-146.
-Soufi, M., 2014. Morphoclimatic survey and classification of gullies in Iran, phase 2: Qazvin, Khuzestan, Mazandaran, Ilam and Tehran provinces, Soil Conservation and Watershed Research Institute, 82 p.
-Soufi, M. and Issai, H., 2011. Estimation of watershed erosion volume using morphometric and soil characteristics in the reservoirs of Golestan province, Journal of Watershed Engineering and Management, v. 2(2), p. 8-73.
-Ali Ahyaei, M. and Behbahanizadeh, A., 1990. Description of soil chemical analysis methods, Soil and Water Research Institute, v. 892, p. 77-96.
-Farshad, A. and Farzaneh, A., 2016. Remote sensing and geographic information system and their application in natural resources, Agriculture and environment (use of analog/digital aerial photos, satellite-ultraspectral images, positioning) Satellite, radar, lidar and UAV, Iran Watershed Association, 487 p.
-Farid Giglou, B. and Ghazavi, R., 2018. The Role of Physicochemical Characteristics of Gully Soil and Environmental Factors of its Upper-Catchment Area in the Expansion of Gully Erosion, Journal title; v. 22(3), p. 273-286.
-Mokram, M. and Mahmodi, A., 2016. Investigation of morphometric characteristics of gullies and Relationship between morphometric parameters and soil characteristics, v. 5-19, p. 133-145.
-Nohegar, A. and Haydarzadeh, M., 2011. The study of physical - chemical characteristics and morphometery of gullying area (case study: Gezir, Hormozgan province). E.E.R.; v. 1(1), p. 29-44.
-Moradi, H.R., Rezaei, V. and Erfanian, M., 2021. Physico-chemical characteristics of soil in badland areas formation. Researches in Earth science, Article in Press.
-Neisi, S., Khalili moghadam, B. and Zorati pour, A., 2017. Modeling of the impact factors on the length development of the marl gullies and determined of the sediment contribution of them (case study: Darb Khazine Basin), v. 70(2), p. 531-541.
-Hedayatfard, M., Gholami, H., Soleimanpour, S.M. and Holisaz, A., 2021. Determining the effective factors on creation of gully erosion using data mining methods in Bayan Watershed, Fars Province, v. 13(2), p. 368-378.
-Yasrebi, B., Soufi, M., Mirnia, S.K. and Mohamadi, J., 2013. Assessment the impact of topographic and soil characteristics on bank gullies advancement in croplands, case study: Ilam province, v. 5(1), p. 31-40.
English References:
-Frankl, A., Poesen J., Scholiers, N., Jacob, M., Haile, M., Deckers, J. and Nyssen, J., 2013. Factors controlling the morphology and volume (V) – length (L) relations of permanent gullies in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands. Earth Surf Process Landforms: online early view.
-Frankl, A., Nyssen, J., De Dapper, M., Haile, M., Billi, P., Munro, R.N., Deckers, J. and Poesen, J., 2011. Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (North Ethiopia). Geomorphology, v. 129(3-4), p. 238-251.
-Hazelton, P. and Murphy, B., 2007. Interpreting soil test results: what do all the numbers mean? CSIRO publishing, Australia, 152 p.
-Koci, J., Jarihani, B., Leon, J.X., Sidle, R.C., Wilkinson, S.N. and Bartley, R., 2017. Assessment of UAV and ground-based structure from motion with multi-view stereo photogrammetry in a gullied savanna catchment. International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, International Journal of Geo-Information, v. 6(328), p. 2-23.
-Krenz, J. and Kuhn, N., 2018. Badlands dynamics in the context of global change presents the newest ideas concerning badland formation and relates them to the larger context of global change, Assessing Badland Sediment Sources Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, v. 8, 336 p.
-Kukal, S.S. and Matharu, G.S., 2002. Behaviour of gully erosion in relation to catchment characteristics in foothills of lower Shivaliks. 17th world congress of soil science, Thailand.
-Liu, K.D., Tang, H.G., Na, J., Huang, X., Xue, Z., Yang, X. and Li, F., 2016. Detection of catchment-scale gully-affected areas using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) on the chineses loess plateau. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, v. 5(238), p. 1-21.
-Mansour, A., 2014. An assessment of gully erosion in Dutse Sahelian zone of Jigawa state, Nigeria, and its adverse consequences on the socio-economic development of the state. Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, v. 3(3), p. 17-25.
-Maina, M.B., 2022. Effects of gully erosion in Damagum town and environs, Fune Local Government area, Yobe state of Nigeria. Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (DUJOPAS), v. 8(2b), p. 105-115.
-Martins, B., Nunes, A., Meira-Castro, A., Lourenço, L. and Hermenegildo, C., 2022. Local factors controlling gully development in a Mediterranean environment. Land, v. 11(204), p. 1-13.
-Marzolff, I., Poesen, J. and Ries, J.B., 2011. Short to medium-term gully development, human activity and gully erosion variability in selected Spanish gully catchments. Journal of Landform Analysis, v. 17, p. 111-116.
-Meijani, N., Kiawarzmoghadam, M. and Karimi Firouzajai, M., 2017. Survey the performance of UAV images to generation a digital surface model. Journal of Geographical Information System Usage and Remote Sensing in Planning, v. 8(1), p. 25-36.
-Oyegun, C.U., Erekaha, U.N. and Eludoyin, O.S., 2016. Gully characterization and soil properties in selected communities in ideato south Lga, Imo State, Nigeria, Nature and Science, v. 14(2), p. 78-86.
-Phantom 3 User Manual., 2016. https://dl.djicdn.com/downloads/ phantom_3/en/ Phantom+3+Professional+User+Manual+v1.8_en_20160719.pdf..
-Poesen, J., Nachtergaelea, J., Verstraetena, G. and Valentin, C., 2003. Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs. Catena, v. 50, p. 91-133.
-Rafaello, B. and Reis, E., 2016. Controlling factors of the size and location of large gully systems: A regressio based exploration using reconstructed pre-erosion topography. CATENA, v. 147, p. 621-631.
-Vanmaercke, M., Poesen, J., Van Mele, B., Demuzere, M., Bruynseels, A., Golosov, V., Bezerra, J.F.R., Bolysov, S., Dvinskih, A. and Frankl, A., 2016. How fast do gully headcuts retreat?, Earth-Science Reviews, v. 154, p. 336-355.
-Zegeye, A.D., Langendoen, E.D., Stoof, C., Seifu, A., Tilahun, S.A., Dagnew, D.C., Zimale, F.A., Guzman, C.D., Yitaferu, B. and Steenhuis, T.S., 2016. Morphological dynamics of gully systems in the subhumid Ethiopian Highlands: The Debre Mawi watershed. Soil, v. 2, p. 443-458.
)