Identification of atmospheric patterns of urban floods and simulation the runoff in Minab

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Environmental Planning, Management & Education, College of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Climatology and Environment Hazards, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran

Abstract

Extended abstract
Introduction
Floods are environmental phenomena that are in the category of hydrological hazards, but to identify the cause and manage strategies to control them, other environmental sciences such as meteorology, watershed management, etc. must be utilized. Because atmospheric systems play a role in the occurrence of rainfall which in combination with topographic factors, surface topology, land use and morphology of catchments based on the slope and hydraulics of rivers and urban waterways cause flooding. Therefore, in studying the problem of floods, especially in residential areas, a combination of environmental sciences can play an important role in understanding the mechanism and development of urban floods. Also, computer models have been upgraded to simulate the behavior of urban floods. Their approach is based on the conversion of precipitation to runoff, which can be evaluated and validated with results. These models are trusted in estimating the volume and flow of runoff from the flood. The hydraulic behavior of urban floods can be simulated using hydrological models, and the SWMM model has many applications in this field. In this study, we tried to determine the hydraulic behavior of floods by recognizing the patterns of flood generating patterns and estimating the volume and flow of floods in drainage channels of Minab city. The results will be provided to urban planners to improve drainage channels and duct capacity.
Methodology
In order to identify the weather patterns of floods in Minab, at first the meteorological parameters of the region during a period of 19 years (2000-2018) were prepared by the Meteorological Organization and atmospheric parameters including average annual temperature, minimum and maximum monthly average, 24-hour rainfall, number of monthly rainfall days and number of flood days (rainfall more than 30 mm per day) were presented in the table. Next, from the floods that occurred, two urban flood events were selected and the atmospheric meteorologists of that day at the level of 500 hPa and sea level pressure were extracted from the NCEP / NCAR data center website and mapped in ArcGIS software processing environment. SWMM model was used to estimate runoff caused by urban floods and to model the hydraulic behavior of flood flow in the surface water drainage network of Minab city; in such a way the first the model was calibrated and evaluated with the events of observational floods and after its verification, the outflow from urban sub-basins, water volume in drainage channels, flooding in canals and duct capacity were simulated in urban sub-basins of Minab. 
 
 
Results and discussion
Average annual temperature is 28.7 degrees Celsius and its maximum is in June and July with 38 degrees Celsius and its minimum in December with 19 degrees Celsius. Most of the rainfall in Minab plain occurs in November to March, which peaks in December with 22 mm. Heavy rains start in November and end in March, and in April, heavy rains have occurred once during these years, which has led to urban floods in Minab. In the first pattern, synoptic examination of flood days in Minab showed that the 500-hpa trough in Iran and the low pressure of the Persian Gulf caused floods. In the second model of flood generator, the cold system from Central Iran at the level of 500 hPa and the low pressure system of Iran caused floods on the shores of the Persian Gulf and especially the Minab plain. In this study, two events of rainfall (19/1/2014) and (11/3/2015) were used to calibrate the SWMM model. The third event of 11/12/2015 was used to evaluate the model and to analyze the results. The coefficient of flow and the square of the mean squared error were used. The simulated model is compared with the SWMM model and their differences are not significant, indicating that the model is able to estimate and simulate the hydrological parameters of urban floods. From 100 mm of rainfall in Minab urban area, about 195 million liters of water has been runoff, of which about 189.6 million liters have been wasted as floods.
Conclusion
The result of urban flood modeling in Minab showed that the densely populated areas of Minab city play an important role due to impermeability to urban floods and water retention. Since Hazara Castle sub-basin, Velayat Park, City Center and Sheikhabad do not have enough capacity to transfer runoff during floods. With these conditions, the results of this research can be provided to city planners and designers of surface water conduction systems and urban drainage networks of Minab.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

References
Persian References:
-Ahmadi, M. and Jafari, F., 2014. Analysis of ultra-heavy rainfall March 14, 2014 Generating destructive flood in Bandar Abbas city. Environmental Risk Management, v. 2(3), p. 307-324.
-Badiezadeh, S., bahremand, A. and dehghani, A., 2016. Urban flood management by simulation of surface runoff using SWMM model in Gorgan city, Golestan Province- Iran. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, v. 22(4), p. 155-170.
-Daliran Firouz, H., Mokhtari, F., Soltani, S. and Mousavi, S.A., 2016. Flood Damage Assessment in Ghamsar and Ghohrood Watershed Basins Using HEC-FIA. JWSS., v. 19(74), p. 63-76.
-Heidarzadeh, M., Nohegar, A., Malekian, A. and Khorani, A., 2017. Evaluation and analysis of runoff quantity and drainage system sensitivity in coastal urban basin using SWMM model (Case study: part of Bandar Abbas city). Water and Soil Conservation Research (Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources), v. 24 (3), p. 203-218.
-Jahan Dideh, O., Asadi Nilvan, O., Faraji, N. and Valion Kiuj, M., 2019. Identification of floods as an environmental crisis and effective factors in its occurrence, 14th National Conference on Watershed Management Science and Engineering of Iran, Urmia.
-Jahanbakhsh Asl, S., Rezaee Banafsheh, M., Rostamzadeh, H. and Aalinejad, M., 2018. Continuous Simulation of Rainfall-Runoff of Shahrchay Basin of Urmia Using HEC-HMS Model. Hydrogeomorphology, v. 4(16), p. 101-118.
-Jamal, A., Parvan, A. and Valizadeh, D., 2019. Floodplain Hazard Mapping in the Iranshahr River by Using Two-Dimensional Numerical Modeling and GIS. JWSS., v. 23(4), p. 71-83.
-Khaliqi Sigaroodi, S., Rostami Khalaj, M., Mahdavi, M. and Seljeqeh, A., 2015. Calibration and evaluation of SWMM model to simulate urban runoff (Murray study: Imam Ali (AS) town of Mashhad). Rangeland and Watershed Management (Natural Resources of Iran), v. 68(3), v. 487-498.
-Moayeri, M. and Entezari, M., 2008. Floods and an overview of floods in Isfahan province. Human Settlement Planning Studies (Geographical Landscape), v. 3(6), p. 109-123.
-Mohammadi, A., Saligheh, M., Hamidi mir kollaei, E. and Hesami, A., 2015. Synoptic analysis of floods in the Caspian Sea basin's case study: Nowshahr flood in winter 1391. Journal of Marine Science Technology Research, v. 10(2), p. 44-58.
-Nohegar, A., Hossein zadeh, M.H. and Salahi, B., 2005. Flood and management measures to control it in Minab river (between Minab dam and Strait of Hormuz), Journal of Territory, 2, 4 (8), p. 69-82.
-Rahimzadeh, Z. and Habibi, M., 2018. Simulation of flood hydrograph with HEC-HMS hydrological model and prediction of return period in Ravansar basin of Kermanshah. Geography and Development, v. 16 (53), p. 175-194.
-Rashidpour, M., Soleimani, K., Shahedi, K. and Karimi, V.A., 2017. Flood simulation in surface runoff drainage network (Case study of Shahr-e-Babolsar-Mazandaran River basin). Journal of Watershed Management, v. 8(15), p. 213-224.
-Simulation of Flow in Open & Closed Conduits by EPA-SWMM Model (Case Study: Babolsar Urban Watershed). jwmr., 2015. v. 6(11), p. 162-170.
-Ta'atpour, F., Khorsandi Kohanestani, Z. and Armin, M., 2019. Evaluation of surface water collection and disposal network efficiency using SWMM model (Case study: Leikk city, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province). Engineering and Irrigation Sciences (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), v. 42(2), v. 33-48.
 
English References:
-Al‐Nassar, A.R., Pelegrí, J.L., Sangrà, P., Alarcon, M. and Jansa, A., 2020. Cut‐off low systems over Iraq: Contribution to annual precipitation and synoptic analysis of extreme events. International Journal of Climatology, v. 40(2), p. 908-926.
-Babaei, S., Ghazavi, R. and Erfanian, M., 2018. Urban flood simulation and prioritization of critical urban sub-catchments using SWMM model and PROMETHEE II approach. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, v. 105, p. 3-11.
-Chang, J.H.W., Kong, S.S.K., Sentian, J., Dayou, J. and Chee, F.P., 2020. Synoptic analysis and mesoscale numerical modelling of heavy precipitation: a case study of flash flood event in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, v. 132(2), p. 181-201.
-Cowles, A., Willson, C. and Twilley, R., 2019. Effects of Land-Use Change (1938–2018) on Surface Runoff and Flooding in the Amite River Basin, Louisiana, USA Using Coupled 1D/2D HEC-RAS–HEC-HMS Hydrological Modeling.
-Dongquan, Z., Jining, C., Haozheng, W., Qingyuan, T., Shangbing, C. and Zheng, S., 2009. GIS-based urban rainfall-runoff modeling using an automatic catchment-discretization approach: a case study in Macau. Environmental Earth Sciences, v. 59(2), 465 p.
-Elliott, E., Bain, D., Shelef, E., Thomas, B., River, M. and Guy, M., 2020. Flooding in Southwestern Pennsylvania: Knowledge Gaps and Approaches. ‏
EM-DAT, The international Disaster Database, 2019.
-Esfandiari, N. and Lashkari, H., 2020. Identifying atmospheric river events and their paths into Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, v. 140, p. 1125-1137.
-Garner, M., Sebastian, A., Hakkenberg, C.R., Juan, A., Gori, A. and Bedient, P.B., 2019. Integrating Annual Landsat Imagery in a Hydrologic Impact Analysis of Localized Land Use Change for a Rapidly Developing Watershed in Houston, Texas. AGUFM, H53L-1943. ‏
-Hua, P., Yang, W., Qi, X., Jiang, S., Xie, J., Gu, X. and Krebs, P., 2020. Evaluating the effect of urban flooding reduction strategies in response to design rainfall and low impact development. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 242, p. 118-135. ‏
-Jennrich, G.C., Furtado, J.C., Basara, J.B. and Martin, E.R., 2020. Synoptic Characteristics of 14-Day Extreme Precipitation Events Across the United States. Journal of Climate, pbt.
-Jiang, L.E.I., Chen, Y. and Wang, H., 2015. Urban flood simulation based on the SWMM model. IAHS-AISH Proceedings and Reports, v. 368(1), p. 186-191.
-Junaidi, A., Putra, H., Istijono, B., Nurhamidah, N. and Utama, M., 2020. Eco-drainage system planning with SWMM model: a case study of Sawah Liat drainage, Kuranji watershed in Padang City, Indonesia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, v. 419(1), p. 12-34. ‏
-Kabeja, C., Li, R., Guo, J., Rwabuhungu, D., Manyifika, M., Gao, Z. ... and Zhang, Y., 2019. The Impact of Reforestation Induced Land Cover Change (1990-2017) on Flash Flood Peak Discharge Using HEC-HMS Hydrological Model and Satellite Observations: A study in Data Scarce Tributary of Sichuan Basin, China. Water, v. 12(5), https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051347.
-Kiani, M., Lashkari, H. and Ghaemi, H., 2019. The effect of Zagros Mountains on rainfall changes of Sudanese low pressure system in western Iran. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, v. 5(4), p. 1769-1779.
-Kilavi, M., MacLeod, D., Ambani, M., Robbins, J., Dankers, R., Graham, R. ... and Todd, M.C., 2018. Extreme rainfall and flooding over central Kenya including Nairobi city during the long-rains season 2018: causes, predictability, and potential for early warning and actions. Atmosphere, v. 9(12), p. 472-491.
-Nikumbh, A.C., Chakraborty, A., Bhat, G.S. and Frierson, D.M., 2020. Large‐scale extreme rainfall producing synoptic systems of the Indian summer monsoon. Geophysical Research Letters, v. 4711, p. 1-15.
-Santhi, C., Arnold, J.G., Williams, J.R., Dugas, W.A., Srinivasan, R. and Hauck, L.M., 2001. Validation of the swat model on a large rwer basin with point and nonpoint sources 1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 37(5), p. 1169-1188.
-Schilling, K.E., Gassman, P.W., Kling, C.L., Campbell, T., Jha, M.K., Wolter, C.F. and Arnold, J.G., 2014. The potential for agricultural land use change to reduce flood risk in a large watershed. Hydrological processes, v. 28(8), p. 3314-3325. ‏
-Shen, Y., Morsy, M.M., Huxley, C., Tahvildari, N. and Goodall, J.L., 2019. Flood risk assessment and increased resilience for coastal urban watersheds under the combined impact of storm tide and heavy rainfall. Journal of Hydrology, v. 579, p. 124-159.
-Soltani, M., Molanejad, M., Khoshakhlagh, F., SaadatAbadi, A.R. and Ranjbar, F., 2014. Synoptic and thermodynamic characteristics of 30 March–2 April 2009 heavy rainfall event in Iran. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, v. 126(1-2), p. 49-63.
-Sourisseau, S., Bassères, A., Périé, F. and Caquet, T., 2008. Calibration, validation and sensitivity analysis of an ecosystem model applied to artificial streams. Water research, v. 42(4-5), p. 1167-1181.
-Stoleriu, C.C., Urzica, A. and Mihu‐Pintilie, A., 2020. Improving flood risk map accuracy using high‐density LiDAR data and the HEC‐RAS river analysis system: A case study from north‐eastern Romania. Journal of Flood Risk Management, v. 13, p. 72-95.
-Tang, Z., Engel, B.A., Pijanowski, B.C. and Lim, K.J., 2005. Forecasting land use change and its environmental impact at a watershed scale. Journal of environmental management, v. 76(1), p. 35-45. ‏
-Temprano, J., Arango, Ó., Cagiao, J., Suárez, J. and Tejero, I., 2006. Stormwater quality calibration by SWMM: A case study in Northern Spain. Water Sa, v. 32(1), p. 55-63.
-Wu, S., Jang, J., Wu, T., Lin, J. and Li, B., 2019. An evaluation of the flood diversion project d Junaidi ue to extreme rainfall event in Taipei City. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.
-Zeng, Z., Lai, C., Wang, Z., Chen, J., Chen, P., He, S. and Li, S., 2019. Rapid Simulation of Urban Rainstorm Flood Based on WCA2D and SWMM Model. AGUFM, AmericanGeophysical Union, Fall Meeting.
 

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics