بررسی عناصر سنگین(Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb) موجود در غبار ریزشی شهر تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی -پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه اقلیم‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

هدف پژوهش حاضر تعیین غلظت عناصر سنگین موجود در غبار ریزشی شهر تهران، تحلیل فضایی آن و محاسبه شاخص‌های آلودگی جهت بررسی شدت تأثیر عوامل انسان‌ساخت است. بدین‌منظور غبار ریزشی با استفاده از تله رسوب‌گیر تیله‌ای 1 MDCOدر 28 ایستگاه شهر تهران در دوره آماری (31/3/1397- 1/10/1396) جمع‌آوری شد. جهت شناسایی و تعیین غلظت عناصر سنگین (Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb) موجود در گرد‌و‌غبار ریزشی جمع‌آوری شده، از آنالیز 2XRF، تعیین پراکندگی مکانی- زمانی عناصر سنگین موجود در غبار ریزشی از روش درونیابی کریجینگ، ردیابی مسیر ورود آن به کلان شهر تهران از مدل 3 HYSPLITو تعیین سطح آلودگی آن‌ها از شاخص‌های استاندارد (EF) و (Igeo) استفاده شد. پایدار بودن هوا، وارونگی دما و استفاده بیشتر از وسایل گرمایشی در فصل زمستان باعث افزایش غلظت عناصر سنگین در زمستان نسبت به بهار شد. به دلیل الگوی غربی باد، ذرات ریز گردوغبار که حاوی فلزات سنگین است از غرب تهران به نقاط شرقی‌تر پراکنده می‌شود. بدلیل الگوی توپوگرافی تهران و کم شدن سرعت باد در شرق، غلظت این عناصر در شرق بیشتر از غرب می‌باشد. بیشترین غلظت کروم در نواحی مرکزی به سمت جنوب تهران قرار دارد. یکی از دلایل آن، معادن شن و ماسه واقع در غرب تهران است. براساس مقادیر شاخص غنی‌شدگی (EF) و شاخص زمین‌انباشت (Igeo) غلظت فلزات سنگین موجود در گرد‌و‌غبار ریزشی در زمستان 1396 و بهار 1397 به ترتیب Cd>Pb>Cu>Cr>Ni می‌باشد. سرب و کادمیوم منشأ انسانی، مس، کروم و نیکل منشأ طبیعی دارد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb) existing in falling dust of Tehran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Arsalani 1
  • Bohlol Alijani 1
  • Mehri Akbari 1
  • Shirin Mohammadkhan 2
1 Department of Climatology, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

IntroductionHeavy metals are naturally derived from weathering of rocks. However, in cities they are mainly made up of human causes such as industrial activities, urban development, and transportation. The purpose of the present study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals in falling dust of Tehran city, its spatial analysis and to calculate the pollution indices in order to investigate the severity of the impact of external factors (man-made). Materials and MethodsFor this purpose, the dust fallout samples were collected using Marble Dust Collector (MDCO) from 28 different locations across Tehran during the statistical period (2017/12/22- 2018/06/21).To identify and determine the concentration of heavy metals (Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Fe) in the collected dust, XRF analysis was used to determine the spatial and temporal scattering of heavy metals in dust, and the kriging interpolation method was designed for statistical and spatial analysis of wind using the WRPLOT software. With the help of the WRPLOT software the windrose was drawn. Also, the hysplit model was used to trace its route to Tehran metropolis and standard levels (EF) and (Igeo) were used to determine the contamination level of heavy metals.Results and discussionIn winter, pollution caused by heavy elements of cadmium, copper and lead is significantly more at 99% than spring. There was no significant difference between the concentrations of chromium and nickel in winter and spring. In winter, areas in the eastern half of Tehran have the highest concentrations of heavy metals. In spring, the highest concentrations of Cd are in the north of region 5 and 2 and east of region 15. The highest concentration of Cr is in southwestern Tehran. The highest concentrations of Pb and Cu are in the eastern parts of Tehran. Tehran windrose showed that winter and spring had the highest frequency of winds above 8 m / s in west of Tehran. Forward trajectory of dust particles showed that dust particles entered Tehran from sand mines, cement factories and sand processing plants. The enrichment factor (EF) and Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) concentration of heavy metals in the falling dust in winter 2017 and spring 2018 are (Cd> Pb> Cu> Cr> Ni), respectivelyConclusionMore stable air, inversion of the air and more use of heating appliances in winter increase the concentration of heavy metals in winter than spring. Due to the western-eastern pattern of wind, dust particles that contain heavy metals, are dispersed further east from western Tehran. Due to Tehran's topographic pattern and low wind speed in the east, these elements are more concentrated in the east than in the west. Wind has a huge impact on the pollution and cleanliness of an area from heavy metals. The highest concentration of Cr is in the central areas of south of Tehran. Cr has a different emission source than other heavy metals studied. Cr emission is primarily due to combustion processes, metal industries and cement production. In the spring, Komail West, Hashemi, Hosseinieh Musa al-Reza, 30tir, Shahed 2 stations, were at least +3 standard deviation from the mean Cr. The mentioned stations are located in the southern half of Tehran That's due to the forward trajectory of dust particles in the hysplit. The windrose was drawn in WRPLOT software. One of the reasons of these dusts can be attributed to the sand mines located west of Tehran. In the spring the weather is more unstable. Increased volumes of dust enter these areas and heavy metals stick to the dust particles mostly enter these areas. The results also showed that in winter 2017, Cd in 81.4% and Pb in 85.1% of the studied stations had human origin. In spring 2018, Cd in 64% and Pb in 70.3% of the studied stations had human origin. In both seasons, Cr, Cu and Ni had no human origin at any station.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Spatial analysis
  • Marbel Dust Collector (MDCO)
  • Tehran City
  • Falling dust
  • Heavy Metals
  1. -اکبری، ع.، عظیم‌زاده، ح.ر.، اختصاصی، م.ر. و سلمان‌زاده، م.، 1391. بررسی کمی غبار ریزشی (مطالعه موردی: شهر بهبهان- شهریور و مهر 1390، اولین همایش ملی بیابان، تهران، مرکز تحقیقات بین‌المللی بیابان دانشگاه تهران.
  2. -بخشی زاده، ف.، رضاییان، ه. و اکبری، م.، 1394. مدلسازی مکانی زمانی سه بعدی پراکنش آلاینده اکسیدهای ازت هوا ناشی از ترافیک در تقاطع خیابان ولی عصر فاطمی شهر تهران، تحلیل فضایی مخاطرات محیطی، شماره‌ ۱، ص 43-62.
  3. -بهروش، ف.، محمودی قرایی، م.، قاسم‌زاده، ف. و عوض مقدم، س.، 1395. بررسی آلودگی فلزات سنگین در غبارهای ترافیکی شهر مشهد و تعیین منشأ آن با استفاده از روش استخراج ترکیبی، زمین-شناسی مهندسی و محیط زیست، شماره‌ 95، ص 141-150.
  4. -سلمان زاده، م.، سعیدی، م. و نبی بیدهندی، غ.ر.، 1391. آلودگی فلزات سنگین در غبارهای ته‌نشین شده خیابانی شهر تهران و ارزیابی ریسک اکولوژیکی آنها، محیط‌شناسی، شماره‌ 61، ص 9-18.
  5. -سلیقه، م.، 1394. تغییر آب و هوا و مخاطرات آب و هوایی تهران، تحلیل فضایی مخاطرات محیطی، شماره‌ 3، ص 15-32.
  6. -سلیم، ر. و ارحامی، م.، ۱۳۹۲. مدلسازی غلظت ذرات PM10 ناشی از پدیده‌ی گرد و غبار و بررسی منشأ آنها در کلان شهرهای مرکزی ایران، دومین همایش ملی مدیریت آلودگی هوا و صدا، تهران، دانشگاه صنعتی شریف، https://www.civilica.com/Paper-CANPM02-CANPM02_071.html.
  7. -حسین سعیدی، ل.، حاجی هادی، م. و رستگاری، م.، 1395. تعیین غلظت فلزات سنگین در هوای شهری (مطالعه موردی: شهر ری)، مطالعات علوم محیط زیست، شماره‌ 1، ص 23-36.
  8. -جورکش، ش.، صالحی، م.ح. و اسفندیارپور بروجنی، ع.، 1391. بررسی غلظت برخی از فلزات سنگین در غبارهای اتمسفری منطقه لنجانات اصفهان، همایش ملی جریان و آلودگی هوا، تهران، آبان 1391.
  9. -علیجانی، ب.، 1394. تحلیل فضایی. تحلیل فضایی و مخاطرات محیطی، شماره‌ 3، ص 1-14.
  10. -فرهمندکیا، ز.، مهراسبی، م.ر.، سخاوتجو، م.ص.، حسنعلی‌زاده مظفر، ا.ش. و رمضانزاده، ز.، 1388. بررسی فلزات سنگین در ذرات راسب شونده از هوای شهر زنجان، سلامت و محیط انجمن علمی بهداشت محیط ایران، شماره 4، ص 240-249.
  11. -محمودی، ز. و خادمی، ح.، 1393. غلظت برخی فلزات سنگین در گردوغبار اتمسفری اصفهان و برخی شهرهای مجاور، علوم و فنون کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، شماره‌ 67، ص 243- 255.
  12. -مفیدی، ع. و جعفری، س.، 1390. بررسی نقش گردش منطقه‌ای جو بر روی خاورمیانه در وقوع توفان‌های گردوغباری تابستانه در جنوب غربی ایران، مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق خشک، شماره‌ 5 ، ص 17-45.
  13. -نمازی، ن.، صالحی، م.ح. و محمدی، ج.، 1394. تغییرات مکانی و زمانی برخی عناصر سنگین در غبارات اتمسفر منطقه لنجانات اصفهان، آب و خاک، شماره‌ 1، ص 114-125.
  14.  
  15.  
  16.  
  17. -Akbary, M., Kermani, A. and Alijani, B., 2018. Simulation and Analysis of Polluted Days in Tehran: International Journal of Environmental Research, v. 12, p. 67-75.
  18. -Apeagyei, E., Bank, M.S. and Spengler, J.D., 2011. Distribution of heavy metals in road dust along an urban-rural gradient in Massachusetts: Journal of Atmospheric Environment, v. 45, p. 2310-2323.
  19. -Al Bakain, R.Z., Jaradat, Q.M. and Momani, K.A., 2012. Indoor and outdoor heavy metals evaluation in kindergartens in Amman, Jordan: Jordan Journal of Physics, v. 51, p. 43-52.
  20. -Al-Khashman, O.A., 2007. The investigation of metal concentrations in street dust samples in Aqaba city, Jordan: Journal of Environmental Geochemistry Health, v. 29, p. 197-207.
  21. -Al-Thani, H., Koc, M. and Isaifan, R.J., 2018. Investigations on Deposited Dust Fallout in Urban Doha: Characterization, Source Apportionment and Mitigation: Journal of Environment and Ecology Research, v. 6, p. 493-506.
  22. -Anagnostou, C., Kaberi, H. and Karageorgis, A., 1997. Environmental impact on the surface sediments of the bay and the gulf of Thessaloniki (Greece) according to the geoaccumulation index classification: In International conference on water pollution, At lake Bled, Slovenia, p. 269-275.
  23. -Alloway, B.J., 1995. Soil Pollution and Land Contamination, in Pollution: causes, Effects and Controlled, R.M., Harrison. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry 1995, 318 p.
  24. -Almory, A. and Belhadj, S., 2007. Determination of heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb,Zn) by ICP-OES and their speciation in Algerian Mediterranean Sea sediments after a five-stage sequential extraction procedure: Journal of Environmental Monitoring Assessment, v. 135, p. 265-280.
  25. -Baghaie, A.H. and Ahmadi, A., 2019. Assessment of Pb, Cd, and Zn in Isfahan’s air dust during 2015-2017 (A case study: North, West, and East Stations of Isfahan): Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research, v. 7, p. 18-24.
  26. -Cai, K. and Li, C., 2019. Street Dust Heavy Metal Pollution Source Apportionment and Sustainable Management in A Typical City—Shijiazhuang, China: Journal of Invironmental Research and Public Health, v. 16, p. 2-16.
  27. -Cao, H., Guang, Y. and Luo, L., 2015. Identification of sand and dust storm source areasin Iran: Journal of Arid Land, v. 7, p. 567-578.
  28. -Chen, B., Stein, A.F., Guerrero Maldonado, P., Sanchez de la Campa, A.M., Castanedo, Y.G., Castell, N. and Jesus, D.R., 2013. Size distribution and concentrations of heavy metals in atmospheric aerosols originating from industrial emissions as predicted by the HYSPLIT model: Journal of Atmospheric Environment, v.71, p. 234-244.
  29. -Christoforidis, A. and Stamatis, N., 2009. Heavy metal contamination in street dust and roadside soil along the major national road in Kavala's region, Greece: Journal of Geoderma, v. 151, p. 257-263.
  30. -Charlesworth, S., Everett, M., McCarthy, R., Ordonez, A. and de Miguel, E., 2003. A comparative study of heavy metal concentration and distribution in deposited street dusts in a large and a small urban area: Birmingham and Coventry, West Midlands, UK: Journal of EnvironmentInternational, v. 29, p. 563-573.
  31. -Csavina, J., Field, J., Taylor, M.P., Gao, S., Landazuri, A., Betterton, E.A. and Saez, A.E., 2012. A review on the importance of metals and metalloids in atmospheric dust and aerosol from mining operations: Journal of Science of the Total Environment, v. 433, p. 58-73.
  32. -Dehghani, S., Moore, F., Keshavarzi, B. and Beverley, A.H., 2017. Health risk implications of potentially toxic metals in street dust and surface soil of Tehran, Iran: Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 136, p. 92-103.
  33. -Duong, T.T. and Lee, B.K., 2011. Determining contamination level of heavy metals in road dust from busy traffic areas with different characteristics: Journal of Environmental Management, v. 92, p. 554-562.
  34. -El-Araby, E.H., Abd El-Wahab, M., Diab, H.M., El-Desouky, T. and Mohsen, M., 2011. Assessment of Atmospheric heavy metal deposition in North Egypt aerosols using neutron activation analysis and optical emission inductively coupled plasma: Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, v. 69. p. 1506-1511.
  35. -Ganor, E., 1975. Atmospheric dust in Israel: Sedimentological and meteorological analysis of dust deposition. Ph.D. Thesis, Dissertation the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
  36. -Goossen, D. and Offer, Z., 2000. Wind tunnel and field calibrathon of six eolian dust samplers: Journal of Atmospheric Environemt, v. 34, p. 1043-1057.
  37. -Gonzalez-Macias, C., Schifter, I., Lluch-Cota, D.B., Mendez-Rodriguez, L. and Hernandez-Vazquez, S., 2006. Distribution, enrichment and accumulation of heavy metals in coastal sediments of Salina Cruz Bay, Mexico, Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 118, p. 211-230.
  38. -Gong, Q., Deng, J., Xiang, Y., Wang, Q. and Yang, L., 2008. Calculation Pollution Indices by Heavy Metals in Ecological Geochemistry Assessment and a Case Study in Parks of Beijing: Journal of China University of Geosciences, v. 19, p. 230-241.
  39. -Ha, R., Baatar, A. and Yu, Y., 2017. Identification of atmospheric transport and dispersion of Asian dust storms: Journal of Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, v. 17, p. 1425-1435. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1425-2017.
  40. -Hu, X., Zhang, Y., Lou, J., Wang, T., Lian, H. and Ding, Z., 2011. Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic, mercury and other metals in urban street dusts from a mega-city, Nanjing, China: Journal of Environmental Pollution, v. 159, p.1215-122.
  41. -Jiries, A., 2003. Vehicular Contamination of Dust in Amman, Jordan: Journal of The Environmentalist, v. 23, p. 205-210.
  42. -Kabadayi, F. and Cesur, H., 2010. Determination of Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, and Mn in road dusts of Samsun City: Journal of Environmental Monitoring Assessment, v. 168, p. 241-253.
  43. -Kartal, S., Aydin, Z. and Takalioglu, S., 2006. Fractionation of metals in street sediment samples by using the BCR sequential extraction procedure and multivariate statistical elucidation of the data: Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 132, p. 80-89.
  44. -Karbassi, A.R., Nabi-Bidhendi, Gh.R. and Bayati, I., 2005. Environmental geochemistry of heavy metals in a sediment core off Bushehr, Persian Gulf, Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, v. 2, p. 225-260.
  45. -Khuzestani, R.B. and Souri, B., 2013. Evaluation of heavy metal contamination hazards in nuisance dust particles, in Kurdistan Province, western Iran, Journal of Environmental Sciences, v. 25, p. 1346-1354.
  46. -Kumar Sharma, R., Agrawal, M. and Marshall, F.M., 2008. Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in Varanasi City, India: Journal of Environmental Monitoring Assessment, v. 142, p. 269-278.
  47. -Li, X., Poon, C.S. and Liu, P.S., 2001. Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street dusts in Hong Kong: Journal of Applied Geochemistry, v. 16, p. 1361-1368.
  48. -Loska, K. and Wiechula, D., 2003. Application of principal component analysis for the estimation of source of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from the Rybnik Reservoir: Journal of Chemosphere, v. 51, p. 723-733.
  49. -Lu, X., Wang, L., Lei, K., Huang, J. and Zhai, Y., 2009. Contamination assessment of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel in street dust of Baoji, NW China: Journal of hazardous materials, v. 161, p. 1058-1062.
  50. -Meza-Figueroa, D., De la O-Villanueva, M. and De la Parra, M., 2007. Heavy metal distribution in dust from elementary schools in Hermosilli, Sonota, Mexico: Journal of Atmospheric Environment, v. 41, p. 276-288.
  51. -Modaihsh, A.S., 1997. Characteristics and composition of the falling dust sediments on Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia: Journal of Arid Environmental, v. 36, p. 211-223.
  52. -Niencheski, L.F.H., Baraj, B., Garcia Franca, R. and Mirlean, N., 2002. Lithium as a normalizer for the assessment of anthropogenic metal contamination of sediments of the southern area of Patos Lagoon, Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 5, p. 473-483.
  53. -Ordonez, A., Loredo, J., De Miguel, E. and Charlesworth, S., 2003. Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Street Dusts and Soils of an Industrial City in Northern Spain: Journal of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 44, p. 160-170.
  54. -Oliva, S.R. and Fernandez Espinosa, A.J., 2007. Monitoring of heavy metals in topsoils, atmospheric particles and plant leaves to identify possible contamination sources: Microchemical Journal, v. 86, p. 131-139.
  55. -Rizzio, E., Giaveri, G., Arginelli, D., Gini, L., Profumo, A. and Gallorini, M., 1999. Trace elements total content and particle sizes distribution in the air particulate matter of a rural-residential area in north Italy investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis: Journal of The Science of the Total Environment, v. 226, p. 47-56.
  56. -Sadiq, M. and Mian, A.A., 1994. Nickel and Vanadium in air particulates at Dhahran (Saudi Arabia) during and after the Kuwait oil fires: Journal of Atmospheric Environment, v. 28, p. 2249-2253.
  57. -Saeedi, M., Li, L. and Salmanzadeh, M., 2012. Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: pollution and ecological risk assessment in street dust of Tehran: Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 227, p. 9-17.
  58. -Sami, M., Waseem, A. and Akbar, S., 2006. Quantitative estimation of dust fall and smoke particles in Quetta Valley: Journal of Zhejiang University Science, v. 7, p. 542-547.
  59. -Stein, A.F., Wang, Y. and Draxler, R.R., 2011. Modeling PM10 Originating from Dust Intrusions in the Southern Iberian Peninsula Using HYSPLIT: Journal of Weather and forecasting, v. 26, p. 236-242.
  60. -Sutherland, R.A., 2000. Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii: Journal of Environmental Geology, v. 39, p. 611-627.
  61. -Ta, W., Xiao, H., Qu, J., Xiao, Z., Yang, G., Wang, T. and Zhang, X., 2004. Measurements of dust deposition in Gansu Province, China, 1986–2000: Journal of Geomorphology, v. 57, p. 41-51.
  62. -Taghavi, S.N., Kamani, H., Dehghani, M.H., Nabizadeh, R., Afshari, N. and Mahvi, A.H., 2019. Assessment of HeavyMetals in Street Dusts of Tehran Using Enrichment Factor and Geo-Accumulation Index: Journal of Health Scope, v. 8, p.1-10.
  63. -Tam, N.F.Y. and Yao, M.W.Y., 1998. Normalisation and heavy metal contamination in Mangrove Sediments: Journal of Science of the Total Environment, v. 216, p. 33-39.
  64. -Tokalioglu, S., Kartal, S. and Birol, G., 2003. Application of a three-stage sequential extraction procedure for the determination of extractable metal contents in highway soils: Turkish Journal of Chemistry, v. 27, p. 333-346.
  65. -Wei, B., Jiang, F., Li, X. and Mu, S., 2009. Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in urban road dusts from Urumqi, NW China: Microchemical Journal, v. 93, p. 147-52.
  66. -Wang, X., Dong, Z., Zhang, C., Qian, G. and Luo,W., 2009. Characterzation of the composition of dust fallout and identification of dust sources in arid and semiarid North Chiana: Journal of Geomorphology, v. 112, p.144-157.
  67. -Wang, Y., Stein, A., Draxler, R., Rosa, D. and Zhang, X., 2011. Global sand and dust storms in 2008: Observation and HYSPLIT model verification: Journal of Atmospheric Environment, v. 45, p. 6368-6381.
  68. -Wang, G., Oldfield, F., Xia, D., Chen, F., Liu, X. and Zhang, W., 2012. Magnetic properties and correlation with heavy metals in urban street dust: A case study from the city of Lanzhou, China: Journal of Atmospheric Environment, v. 46, p. 289-298.
  69. -Yaroshevsky, A.A., 2006. Abundances of chemical elements in the Earth’s crust: Journal of Geochemistry International, v. 44, p. 48-55.
  70. -Yongming, H., Peixuana, D., Junjib, C.E. and Posmentier, S., 2006. Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi’an, Central China: Journal of Science of the Total Environment, v. 355, p. 176-186.
  71. -Zarasavandi, A., Crrenzea, E.J.M., Moore, F. and Rastmanesh, F., 2011. Spatio – temporal occurrences and mineralogical – geochemical characteristics of airborne dusts in Khuzestan Province (southwestern Iran): Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 111, p. 138-151.
  72. -Zheng, N., Liu, J., Wang, Q. and Liang, Z., 2010. Health risk assessment of heavy metal exposure to street dust in the zinc smelting district, Northeast of China: Journal of Science of the Total Environment, v. 408, p. 726-733.