PhD of Architecture, Department of Art and Architecture, Science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Despite having very simple components, Qanat is a complex phenomenon which has emerged from indigenous knowledge and a collective intelligence inherited through many generations. The technology of the Qanat benefits from a deep understanding of climate, water basins, geography, culture, religion, architecture and city planning.
Qanat is not just an instrument for water supply, but rather it is a self-organizing old machine, which is generative, self-regulating and flexible towards its environment and the natural irregularities that occur around it. Because of the informational connection of this phenomenon to the upper layers of consciousness, one can assume an artificial mind for this primordial machine.
By dismissing dualectic and oppositional theories, this paper focuses on the continuity of mind and matter in technology, and attempts to demonstrate that the concept of the Qanat is fundamentally different from modern technology and as a model of thought it has paradigmatic value which can become a prototype for Cognitive Architecture and Cognitive Urbanism.
In this paper we have explained Qanat and its productive networks with city, people, nature, geography.
-الکساندر، ک.، 1393. شهر درخت نیست، ترجمه فرناز فرشاد و شمین گلرخ، تهران، آرمانشهر، 72 ص.
-برتالنفی، ل. ف.، 1366. مبانی تکامل و کاربردهای نظریه عمومی سیستمها، تهران، نشر تندر، 340 ص.
-پاپلی یزد، م. و لباف خانیکی، م.، 1379. نقش قنات در شکلگیری تمدنها، نظریه پایداری فرهنگ و تمدن کاریزی، قنات، همایش قنات، شرکت سهامی آب منطقههای یزد، جلد اول، ص 15-35.
-حائری مازندرانی، م.، 1388. خانه فرهنگ و طبیعت، تهران، وزارت مسکن و شهرسازی، 215 ص.
-حائری مازندرانی، م. ر.، 1386. قنات، از ایران چه میدانیم، تهران، دفتر پژوهشهای فرهنگی، 118 ص.
-صفی نژاد، ج.، 1367. بنه، ساختار کشاورزی سنتی در ایران، تهران، امیرکبیر، 584 ص.
-صفی نژاد، ج.، 1379. شگفتیهای قنات ایران، مجموعه مقالات قنات، همایش قنات، شماره 1(3)، ص50-55.
-علیزاده، ب.، 1390. مساله نفس-بدن، یگانه انگاری صدرایی و نوخاسته گرایی، فصلنامه تخصصی معرفتشناسی و حوزههای مرتبط پژوهشگاه فرهنگ و اندیشه اسلامی، شماره 45، ص 5-43.
-غفّاری، ا.، 1391. حدوث جسمانی نفس، تهران، سازمان انتشارات پژوهشگاه فرهنگ و اندیشه اسلامی، 480 ص.
-فرشاد، م.، 1390. تاریخ مهندسی در ایران، اول تدوین تهران، میرماه، 507 ص.
-قبادیان، ع. ا.، 1369. سیمای طبیعی فلات ایران، کرمان، دانشگاه شهید با هنر کرمان، 480 ص.
-قدس، ح. و اصغرزاده، ع.، 1392. معماری مبتنی بر بوم،استفاده از مدلهای شناختی لایهای در روند طراحی پارامتریک (نمونه موردی: سایت در کویر مرنجاب)، مسکن و محیط روستا، شماره 144، ص 33-48.
-قدس، ح.، اصغرزاده، ع. و ملکی، م.، 1394. بازشناسی قنات از دریچه سازمانها، مسکن و محیط روستا، جلد 150، ص 71-88.
-کرباسی زاده، ا.ا. و شیخ رضایی، ح.، 1391. آشنایی با فلسفه ذهن، تهران، هرمس، 192 ص.
-کردوانی، پ.، 1385. ژئوهیدرولوژی، سوم تدوین تهران، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، 365 ص.
-مورن، ا.، 1388. درآمدی بر اندیشیه پیجیده، دوم تدوین تهران، نشر نی، 143 ص.
-Ackoff, R. L., 1971. Towards a System of Systems Concepts, In Management Science, v. 17(11), p. 661-671.
-Ahmadi, H., Nazari Samani, A. and Malekian, A., 2010. The Qanat: A Living History in Iran, In: Water and Sustainability in Arid Regions, Bridging the Gap Between Physical and Social Sciences, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York: Springer, p. 125-138.
-Balali, M.R., Keulartz, J. and Korthals, M., 2007. Landand Watr Management ParAadigmsin Iran, Tehran, s.n., p. 413-422. e
-Farias, I. and Bender, T., 2010. Urban assemblages: how actor-network theory changes urban. London and New York, p. 1-17.
-Kim, J., 2005. Philosophy of Mind, 2nd edition ed, Colorado, p. 40-69.
-Block, N., 1995. On Confusion about A function of Consciousness, Behavioral and Brain Science, v.18(02), p. 227-247.
-Block, N., 2005. Two neural correlates of consciousness, Trends in cognitive science, v.9(2).
-Block, N., 2011. Perceptional consciousness overflows cognitive access, Trends in cognitive science, v. 15(12), p. 75-567.
-Boulding, K., 1956. General Systems Theory -the skeleton of Science, Management Science, v. 2(3), p. 197-208.
-Callon, J., 1991. Techno-Economic Networks and Irreversibility, In: A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination, London: Routledge, p. 132-161.
-Capra, F., 2002. The Hidden Connections: Integrating the Biological, Cognitive and Social Dimensions of Life Into a Science of Substainability, 1ST edition ed, New York: Doubleday, p. 30-40.
-Cressman, D., 2009. A Brief Overview of Actor-Network Theory: Punctualization, Heterogeneous Engineering and Translation, s.l., s.n., p. 1-30.
-Dascal, M., 2004. Language as a cognitive technology, In: Cognition and Technology, Co-existence, convergence and co-evolution, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, p. 37-62.
-Dascal, M. and Dror, I.E., 2005. The impact of cognitive technologies, Towards a pragmatic approach, Pragmatics and Cognition, v. 13(3), p. 451-457.
-Grof, S. and Bennett, H.Z., 1993. The Holotropic Mind, The Three Levels of Human Consciousness and How They Shape Our Lives, SanFrancisco, Harper, p. 1-219.
-Heidegger, M., 1977. The Question ConcerningTechnology, Translate by William Lovitt, London & New York: Harper & Row Publisher, Inc, 182 p.
-HU, W., ZHANG, J. and LIU, Y., 2012. The qanats of Xinjiang: historical development, characteristics and modern implications for environmental protection, Journal of Arid Land, v. 4(2), p. 211-220.
-Ihde, D., 2009. Postphenomenology and Technoscience,Suny, State University of New York Press,New York, p. 1-92.
-Islami, S.G., 2004. A code of Logical Environments: Thoughts on Particularization of Design In Traditional Environments Generalization of science in Global Word, Sharjah, Dubai, United Arab, Emirates, s.n., pp. v. 166, p. 1-18.
-Kheirabadi, M., 2004. Iranian Cities: FormBritish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, May, v.31(1), p. 1-92.
-Kim, J., 2005. Philosophy Of Mind. s.l.:Westview Press A Subsidiary of Perseus Books, L.L.C., 2nd Edition, 257 p.
-Kineman, J.J., 2011. Relational Science: A Synthesis, Axiomathes 21, p. 393-437.
-Latour, B., 1991. Technology is society made durable, In: A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination, London: Routledge, p. 103-131.
-Lightfoot, D.R., July 1996. Syrian qanat Romani: history, ecology, abandonment, Journal of Arid Environments, v. 33(3), p. 321-336.
-Madani, K., 2008. Reasons behind Failure of Qanats in the 20th Century, Honolulo, Hawai'i, ASCE, p. 1-8.
-Maliva, R. and Missimer, R., 2012. Ancient Water Management, In: Arid Lands Water Evaluation and Management, s.l.: Springer, p. 513-517.
-Morin, E., 1982. From the Concept of System to the Paradigm of Complexity, Translated by Sean Kelly, In: Science avec conscience, Paris, Fayard: s.n., p. 172-189.
-Morin, E., 2007. Restricted complexity, general complexity, New york, World Scientific Publishing Company, p. 1-25.
-Mostashari, A., 2011. Cognitive city and intelligent urban goverance, Network Industiries Quarterly, v. 13(3), p. 4-7.
-Müller, M., 2015. Assemblages and Actor-networks: Rethinking Socio-material, Geography Compass, v. 9(1), p. 27-41.
-Okazaki, S., 1989. Qanat, Underground Irrigation Channels in Iran, Tokyo, p. 40-69.
-Salih, A., 2005. Qanats a Unique Groundwater Management Tool in Arid Regions: The Case of Bam Region in Iran, s.l., s.n., 87 p.
-Samsonovich, A.V. and Jong, K.A.D., 2003. Meta-Cognitive Architecture for Team Agent, Boston, MA, s.n., p. 1029-1034.
-Star, S.L., 1991. Power, technology and the phenomenology of conventions: on being allergic to onions, In: A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination, London: Routledge, p. 26-56.
-Vermesan, O. and Friess, P., 2013. Internet of Things: Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems, s.l.: River Publishers, 351 p.
-Wessels, J. and Hoogeveen, R., 2008. Renovation of Byzantine Qanats in Syria as a Water Source for Contemporary Settlements, In: Handbook of Regenerative Landscape Design, London, New York: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, p. 237-260.
-Wessels, J., 2010. Qanat rehabilitation as a viable tool for collective action for social development and conflict resolution in rural communities in arid areas, Yazd, s.n., p. 1-14.
-Zehtabian, G., Khosravi, H. and Ghodsi, M., 2010. High Demand in a Land of Water Scarcity: Iran, In: Water and Sustainability in Arid Regions, Bridging the Gap Between Physical and Social Sciences, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York: Springer, p. 75-86.
Asgharzadeh, A. (2017). The Vital System of Qanat and Openness to Different Fields of Consciousness Intelligent Technology in Iran. Researches in Earth Sciences, 8(4), 91-111.
MLA
Ali Asgharzadeh. "The Vital System of Qanat and Openness to Different Fields of Consciousness Intelligent Technology in Iran". Researches in Earth Sciences, 8, 4, 2017, 91-111.
HARVARD
Asgharzadeh, A. (2017). 'The Vital System of Qanat and Openness to Different Fields of Consciousness Intelligent Technology in Iran', Researches in Earth Sciences, 8(4), pp. 91-111.
VANCOUVER
Asgharzadeh, A. The Vital System of Qanat and Openness to Different Fields of Consciousness Intelligent Technology in Iran. Researches in Earth Sciences, 2017; 8(4): 91-111.