Researches in Earth Sciences

Original Article Geology

Sigmoidal structures and their relationship with detachment layers including pre-exist Hormuz salt in Fars and Hormuzgan Zones of the Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt: Insights from experimental modeling and seismic data

Reza Shams; Iraj Abdollahie; Soheila Bozari; Mohsen Purkermani

Volume 14, Issue 3 , October 2023, Pages 1-17

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2022.102099

Abstract

Introduction The Fars and Hormuzgan Zones is eastern domain of the Zagros Belt which characterized by the outcrops and sub-crops of Precambrian-Cambrian Hormuz Salt. Deep-seated extensional faults played a major role in controlling the distribution and thickness variations of the Hormuz series and played ... Read More Introduction The Fars and Hormuzgan Zones is eastern domain of the Zagros Belt which characterized by the outcrops and sub-crops of Precambrian-Cambrian Hormuz Salt. Deep-seated extensional faults played a major role in controlling the distribution and thickness variations of the Hormuz series and played important role in triggering and localizing the salt walls and diapirs This suggests that part of halokinesis could have been localized along the Precambrian-Cambrian extensional faults. Differential loading is the most probable principal mechanism for initiating and driving halokinesis in the Hormuz Salt Basin in Early Paleozoic. Therefore, it is expected that dissimilar types of the earlier salt related structures have their own influences on the geometry of present-day structures. Therefore, objective of this study is understanding role of the Hormuz Salt as basal décollement on long term sedimentation and relatively short term shortening happened by the Zagros Orogeny. The presence of anomalies in buried salt domes plays an important role in this inequality, and for example, sigmoid-shaped anticlines can be mentioned. We used sand box modelling technique for better understanding geometry of the hidden earlier structures which were masked by the Zagros Orogeny. Materials and methods Sandbox modelling We arranged a sand box model to review structural evolution of the study area. In this experiment, we tried to simulate behavior of a viscous layer representing the Hormuz Salt at different stages (prior to Zagros shortening and simultaneous with it). This modeling was done with the objective of revealing role of the pre-exist Hormuz Salt bodies in geometry of the study area structures. The apparatus for this experiment is consists of four plates at four side of the sand box with the size of 20 × 25 cm. (figure 9). At the first stage of experiment we attempted to construct two column of Corn starch cream whit 3 cm diameter in sand layer to simulate expected pre- exist Hormuz salt. Three experiments were performed to indicate the effect of anomalies from the moving wall. In all three tests, one of the anomalies (right anomalies) was 10 cm from the wall and another anomalies (left anomalies) were placed at 2.5, 5 and 15 cm, respectively. The distance between two anomalies is 6.5 centimeters. Both anomalies with the same distance from lateral fixed walls. (figure10). Finally pattern of circles overlaid on the flat surface of the last dry sand layer. These patterns were drawn to describe the magnitude and orientation of the strain axes when the reference circle of unit radius is deformed. Total thickness of dry sand layers is 3 cm. In the last stage, shortening applied by the moving wall with a rate of 1 mm/min. This stage simulates superimposition of the Zagros Orogeny on the paleo-structures which were formed earlier than onset of the Zagros movements. The result after applying ~ 16% shortening (4 cm displacement of the moving wall) is shown in figure 10 and 11. Results and discussion Role of the basal and intermediate detachments of the Zagros Belt in deformation development in form of folds and thrusts have widely been discussed and the Hormuz Salt efficiently controlled fold wavelength in the Fars and Hormuzgan area. For instance, divergence reflectors (growth strata) beneath the syncline between Naura & Firouzabad anticlines denote early Hormuz Salt movement due to halokinesis (Fig. 7). In addition, pre-exist Hormuz Salt body make weakness area. Deformation at the deeper (beneath the Hormuz Salt) and shallower (above the Hormuz Salt) levels are different. Results of the sandbox experiment confirm this matter as deformation in corn starch cream column and sand. Folding and thrusting happened at both sides of this column zone. In contrast, sigmoidal shape happened. Conclusion When the Zagros Orogeny shortened the belt, the localized Hormuz Salt bodies mainly affected geometry of the shallow structures. Therefore, structural evolution of the study area is simply summarized in two pre-Zagros halokinesis and the Zagros shortening stages. In fact, the Zagros compressional forces facilitated salt movement in form of salt diapirs as seen in the experiment. The results of this study also emphasis on importance of pre-exist salt body to unconventional shape folding whit one or both narrow and linear plunges.

Original Article Geology

Facies analysis and sedimentary environments of deep marine deposits from the Sargelu Formation (middle Jurassic) in NW Zagros basin

Mahmoud Sharafi; Aram Bayet-Goll; Rahim Bagheri Tirtashi; Mahmoud Ali Kavoosi; Mehrab Rashidi; Manouchehr Daryabandeh; Ziba Zamani

Volume 14, Issue 3 , October 2023, Pages 18-41

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2022.102573

Abstract

Introduction The Zagros sedimentary Basin has long been considered by geologists because of the presence of the hydrocarbon reservoirs and source rocks. Variable sedimentology and facies studies in this basin especially in Jurassic and Cretaceous successions have displayed their high potential as hydrocarbon ... Read More Introduction The Zagros sedimentary Basin has long been considered by geologists because of the presence of the hydrocarbon reservoirs and source rocks. Variable sedimentology and facies studies in this basin especially in Jurassic and Cretaceous successions have displayed their high potential as hydrocarbon source rocks. The Sargelu Formation is one of these successions that consist of abundant thin-shelled bivalves. Pelagic disarticulated bivalves concentrations in the deep marine sediments have been introduced as filaments that have recorded in variable middle Jurassic sediments around the world. In this study diversity and abundance of the Posidonia-dominated faceis have applied to differentiation of the sub-environments and reconstruction of the palaeoecological conditions of the Sargelu Formation. Because of the importance of the Sargelu sediments as source rocks, the achieved results are useful for reconstruction of the paleogeographical condition and hydrocarbon exploration in the Zagros Basin. Materials and methods The studied outcrops of the Sargelu Formation throughout Zagros fold-thrust belt including the Lorestan Zone consists of Tange-Havandeh, Kezi, Dowdan, Bizel, Tange-Mastan and Homajgah. To evaluation and determination of the sedimentary facies and sedimentary environment of the Sargelu sediments, a detailed sedimentary parameters include sediment/package/layers thickness, bedding boundaries (gradational, sharp, erosional), sedimentary structures, variable grain size, type and preservation mode of macrofossils (fragmented, whole, disarticulated, articulated) were recorded in the field. Based on microscopic asses on 500 thin-section, eight carbonate facies were identified in the Sargelu sediments in the studied area. Carbonate facies were classified/named according to Dunham (1962) classification. Identification of the facies/facies associations and their sedimentary environments were based on Wilson (1975) and Flugel (2010) scheme. Results and discussion Based on the microscopic and field analysis, eight facies have been identified in the Sargelu sediments that were related to two facies associations including basin to outer ramp of a distally steepened ramp system. Mud-dominated, fine-grained facies (calcareous shale, mudstone, pelagic bivalve wackestone/floatstone) including pelagic and hemi-pelagic deposits were deposited in the basin environment below SWB, characterized by long time of the low sedimentation rate, low water circulation and low oxygen level, displayed by high abundance of the organic material in this sediments (Pomar et al, 2012; Bayet-Goll et al, 2018; Sharafi et al, 2016, 2019). Outer ramp association consists of thin- to medium-bedded dark limestone including abundant Posidonia-dominated shell concentration with sharp-based, chaotic to preferentially parallel bed orientation of the skeletal elements and fining up-ward fabrics. These special features display periodically activity of the turbidity currents during deposition of the shell concentration and higher sedimentation rate and relatively favorable environmental conditions (with respect to the oxygen and nutrients) for the benthic communities, displayed by abundance bioturbation in these sediments. Conclusion Facies analysis of Sargelu Formation exposed in Lorestan Zone led to identification of two facies associations, representing basin to outer ramp of a distally steepened ramp system. Basin deposits in central Lorestan Zone include pelagic and hemi-pelagic deposits, displayed by mud-dominated, fine-grained facies. These sediments were deposited in an anoxic to dysoxic, relatively deep, sea-floor environment as revealed by the presence of: a) organic-rich shales and limestones, b) undisrupted lamination in most facies, c) absence benthic fauna. In contrast, Posidonia pelagic bivalves are interpreted as the result of the proliferation of this bivalve during periods of favorable environmental conditions on the sea floor. Thin to medium beds of graded wackestone/packstone to rudstone/floatstone and accumulations of thin shells of Posidonia pelagic bivalves indicate sporadic reworking of the sea floor by turbidity currents. Disarticulation, fragmentation, and reorientation of Posidonia pelagic bivalves can be indicative of reworking, by turbidity currents which periodically interrupted periods of lower-energy suspension sedimentation.

Original Article Geology

Investigation of facies, elemental and isotopic changes of carbonate deposits of Tirgan Formation (Barrmian-Aptian) in Kopeh Dagh sedimentary basin (Northeast of Iran)

Samanesadat rafati; Mohammad Javanbakht; Davood Jahani; Mohsen Pourkermani; Nader Kohansal Ghadimvand

Volume 14, Issue 3 , October 2023, Pages 42-61

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2021.101729

Abstract

Introduction The Kopeh Dagh sedimentary basin is an intercontinental basin formed following the closure of the Paleo-tethys ocean due to a collision between the two continents of Iran and Turan and in has arisen the Early Cimmerian orogenic phase. Deposition of shallow carbonates during the Lower Cretaceous ... Read More Introduction The Kopeh Dagh sedimentary basin is an intercontinental basin formed following the closure of the Paleo-tethys ocean due to a collision between the two continents of Iran and Turan and in has arisen the Early Cimmerian orogenic phase. Deposition of shallow carbonates during the Lower Cretaceous (Barmin-Apsin) in the Kopet Dagh sedimentary basin has been introduced as the Tirgan Formation. This formation is located in three studied sections on the Shurijeh detrital siliceous formation and below the limestone-marni formation of Sarcheshmeh. Materials and methods In this research, this formation uses petrographic studies and geochemical analyzes to evaluate the sedimentary model, primary carbonate mineralogy and diagenetic processes in Shirvan (197.7 m), Quchan (464.4 m) and Chenaran (127.8) sections. 720 thin sections were prepared for petrographic studies. To separate ferroan calcite and dolomite from nonferroan samples, the samples were stained with potassium ferrocyanide solution (Dickson, 1996). In order to name carbonate rocks, the method (Dunham, 1962) and detrital rocks, classification (Folk, 1980) were used. The method (Flugel, 2010) was also used to interpret the facies and present the sedimentary model. For geochemical studies, 41 samples were analyzed by ICP-OES method in Iran-Karaj Mineral Processing Research Center (Emidro Company) for elemental analysis and by ICP-MS method in Science Laboratory Center of Ottawa University of Canada for carbon isotope and oxygen. Results and discussion Petrographic studies led to the identification of 18 microfacies that were deposited in four facies belts open marin, lagoon, Barrier and tidal flat. The frequency of tidal facies along with barrier facies and the absence of large reef barrier and turbidite sediments indicate the deposition of this formation in a ramp system with a carbonate slope. Diagenetic processes in this formation include: cementation, micritization, dissolution, compaction, dolomitization, fracture, stylolitification and silicification. The abundance of skeletal and non-skeletal components of calcite along with calcite cement, abundance and presence of dolomite with high content of stransiom refers to the initial mineralization of calcite in the carbonates of Tirgan Formation in time. Also, the values of major (Mg, Ca) and minor elements (Sr, Na, Mn, Fe) and the isotopic range of oxygen 18 and carbon 13 of the limestones of Tirgan Formation, also indicate the composition of primary calcite mineralogy in these areas. This value also shows the impact of the burial diagenesis environment on these deposits in a semi-closed diagenesis system with a low water-to-rock ratio. The average diagenetic temperature of seawater at the time of sedimentation of carbonates of Tirgan Formation using the heaviest oxygen isotope in calcareous samples is estimated to be 18.21 ° C. Conclusion Comparison of the data obtained from the three studied sections and the information provided from the eastern and western regions, shows an increase in temperature and thus an increase in strontium to the west, which it is indicates a change in the mineralogical composition from calcite to aragonite from east to west basin

Original Article Geology

Application of geochemical indicators to distinguish productive magma from barren in Qarah Gol area, Ardabil province using rare earth elements

shadi zia; Seyedeh Narges Sadati; gholamreza ahmadzadeh

Volume 14, Issue 3 , October 2023, Pages 62-81

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2022.102263

Abstract

Introduction Qarah Gol study area is located in Ahar- Arasbaran metallogenic zone in Ardabil province, 50 km from Meshginshahr city in Moradloo section. According to field studies, the main exposed rock units in the region include volcanic, plutonic and pyroclastic igneous rocks, microdiorite masses ... Read More Introduction Qarah Gol study area is located in Ahar- Arasbaran metallogenic zone in Ardabil province, 50 km from Meshginshahr city in Moradloo section. According to field studies, the main exposed rock units in the region include volcanic, plutonic and pyroclastic igneous rocks, microdiorite masses have injected into volcanic and igneous rocks and caused alteration and mineralization on a weak scale. Mineralized silica veins are often formed in parallel band and are sometimes seen as stockwork veins. In the subduction zones, productive, semi-productive and fertile magma are found together, and the identification of these masses is very important from the point of view of exploration. Fertile granitoid magmas are generally formed in pre-collisional subduction setting (Gammons and Williams Jones, 1997; Li et al, 2016; Shafiei et al, 2009; Shahabpour, 1992). While productive granitoid magmas are formed in post-collision tectonic setting (Li et al, 2016). Many processes have been proposed for the origin of granitoids in collisional or accretionary orogenic environments, it is thought that the melting of young thickened mafic lower crust or the partial crystallization of hydrous basaltic magma is the key factor in the production of various types of productive magmas, While partial melting of the young thin mafic lower crust is considered as a process that can produce fertile magmas (Hollings et al, 2005). Materials and methods In this research, 14 thin sections of surface samples and 28 thin sections of drilling cores were prepared for the petrologic study at Mineral Research and Processing Center. To determine the texture and paragenesis of ores, 30 polished thin sections and 20 polished sections of the samples were prepared. The rocks collected from surface samples and drilling cores were analyzed in order to investigate rare earth elements, 23 surface lithogeochemical samples were studied by ICP-MS. method. Also 14 core samples were studied by XRF for main oxides. Results and discussion Productive granitoids in the UDMB display lower values of Ni (9–31 ppm) and Cr (14–36 ppm) than barren granitoids (Ni = 11–73 ppm; Cr = 21–81 ppm)) (Sepidbar et al, 2018). The low values of Ni (5–19.6 ppm) and Cr (14–30.2 ppm) in the igneous rocks of the Qarah Gol are comparable to their values in other productive magmas in this belt and indicate that this magma originates from partial melting of the thick lower crust. Also, the productive magma has a higher LREE/HREE ratio than the barren magma, which is also seen in the samples of Qarah Gol area. In productive magmas, pattern of trace elements normalized to N-MORB is characterized by enrichment in Cs, Rb, Ba and Pb and depletion in Nb, Ta, Th, Zr, Hf and Ti. In fact, productive porphyries, unlike the barren type, usually show negative anomalies of Nb, Ta and Ti. This process shows that garnet is present as a residual phase in the magma chamber of origin of the rocks and indicates the formation at a pressure (>15kbar) equivalent to a crustal thickness of 45-55 km (Palin et al, 2016). Conclusion According to geochemical results, the average concentration of copper is 138.21 ppm. Petrological observations and geochemical data show that the graniteoids of Qarah Gol area are calc alkalines type I related to subduction zone which is linked to porphyry copper mineralization. To identify the tectonic environment of the study area, diagrams of La/Yb versus Th/Yb and ZR3-Nb50-Ce/P2O5 can be used. These results show that the study area is located in post-continental collision. Also, the use of La / Yb versus Sm / Yb diagram shows that the samples were made from partial melting of 10 to 20% garnet peridotite. Based on Ce against Ce / Yb diagram, the melting depth of 100 to 110 km is estimated. Productive magma has a higher LREE / HREE ratio than barren magma, which is evident in samples of the Qarah Gol area. The values of Eu / Eu* igneous rocks in the range of Qarah Gol are between 0.7 to 1.07 and in this respect it is similar to the magmas that produce in the Urmia-Dokhtar belt.

Original Article

Effect of diagenetic processes on the distribution of reservoir and non-reservoir units in the Asmari Formation, Ahvaz Oilfield (Wells No, X, Y, Z)

nastaran Azadbakht; Mahboobeh Hosseinibarzi; Abdolreza Bavi owidi

Volume 14, Issue 3 , October 2023, Pages 82-111

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2021.101034

Abstract

Introduction The Asmari Formation in southwest Iran is the youngest and most important hydrocarbon reservoir in Iran. Asmari Formation in Ahvaz oil field in the studied wells consists of limestone, dolomite, dolomitic limestone, sandy dolomite and sandstone, siltstone and shale. Asmari formation in ... Read More Introduction The Asmari Formation in southwest Iran is the youngest and most important hydrocarbon reservoir in Iran. Asmari Formation in Ahvaz oil field in the studied wells consists of limestone, dolomite, dolomitic limestone, sandy dolomite and sandstone, siltstone and shale. Asmari formation in Ahvaz oil field is divided into ten zones in terms of stratigraphic characteristics (Mc Coard, 1974). Diagenetic process along with sedimentary processes are considered as one of the main processes controlling reservoir quality in carbonate reservoirs of the world (Schlager, 2005; Ahr, 2008). In some cases, similar facies are subjected to similar diagenesis processes and have similar reservoir quality and produce similar rock types, but most of the time due to the high impact of diagenetic processes the porosity-permeability distribution in these reservoirs is completely reversed (Gomes et al, 2008). Therefore, it is necessary to carry out detailed diagenesis studies and investigate the effects of diagenesis on reservoir changes and evolutions in all systematic and fundamental studies of carbonate reservoirs and hybrid reservoirs (Lucia, 2007; Ahr, 2008). Materials and methods This study was conducted on wells No. X, Y and Z of Ahvaz oil field. In this study, 1100 thin sections of the drilling cores of the mentioned wells were studied. The types of facies and their governing diagenesis processes have been identified using microscopic thin-section studies of drill cores. Types of microfacies were named based on Dunham's method (Dunham, 1962). Wilson's classification (Wilson, 1975) and Buxton and Pedley (Buxton and Pedley, 1989) were also used to determine the sedimentary environment of microfacies. In order to distinguish limestone from dolomite, all thin sections were stained with alizarin red solution according to Dickson's method (1965). From digital well and porosity data (resulting from helium gas core testing) and core permeability (resulting from mercury saturation core testing) in order to distribute different units (reservoir and non-reservoir) in the studied wells and drawing the two-dimensional model of their distribution using Geolog, Excel software was used. In this discussion, firstly, the most important diagenesis processes affecting the reservoir changes and evolutions of the Asmari formation in Ahvaz oil field are discussed, and then the distribution of different reservoir and non-reservoir units in wells No Z, Y, X of this field was studied using flow hydraulic units in any rock type. Finally, the control of diagenesis processes on the distribution of these units in different parts of this formation has been discussed. Results and discussion Most of the diagenesis processes of the Asmari Formation in the studied field (especially the types affecting the reservoir quality) have occurred under conditions where the diagenesis environment was affected by the sedimentary environment. Dissolution and dolomitization, which have been widely occurring in the studied facies, have played the greatest role in increasing the reservoir quality. These two processes, the development of which depended on the sedimentary environment, are the most important diagenetic processes controlling the reservoir quality. Dolomitization in the Asmari reservoir is very early and late diagenetic processes that and has had a dual effect (constructive and destructive) on the reservoir quality of the Asmari Formation, raising the reservoir quality in the limestone and in the Sandstones are in the form of cement and have lowered the quality of the reservoir. Although the carbonate cement appears to fill the voids in the rocks and reduce their porosity, it has a positive effect on the reservoir quality due to the fact that it occurs continuously immediately after deposition and prevents compaction in the facies. Anhydrite cement is the most important diagenetic process with a negative impact on reservoir quality. The expansion of coarse-grained clastic facies are the best reservoir-prone facies, and the diagenesis processes of these facies have been mainly affected by their sedimentary environment. Based on this, environmental conditions can be mentioned as the main factor controlling the reservoir quality. In the studied field, the higher the lateral expansion and thickness of the sandstone facies, the better its reservoir quality. The contribution of environmental conditions in controlling the reservoir quality of carbonate facies is less than that of clastic and mixed facies, but due to the early diagenesis of most of the diagenesis processes in these facies, the superior role of environmental conditions in controlling the reservoir quality is evident. Conclusion In the survey, eight hydraulic flow units were identified, the best of which are the 7th and 8th hydraulic flow units. These hydraulic flow units correspond to the rock type of loose sand. The worst hydraulic flow units 1 and 2, which corresponds to the dolomudstone rock type.

Original Article Geomorphology

Analysis of hydrogeomorphic characteristics of sub-basins in terms of erosion sensitivity (Case study: Aland Chai basin, northwest of Iran)

Tohid Rahimpour; Mohammad Hossein Rezaei Moghaddam; S.Asadolah Hejazi; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran

Volume 14, Issue 3 , October 2023, Pages 112-131

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103507

Abstract

Introduction Aland Chai basin which is located in Khoy County and North West of Iran is one of the high erodibility susceptibility basins due to its unique topographic location and receiving appropriate rainfall throughout the year, especially in spring. The primary purpose of the present study is to ... Read More Introduction Aland Chai basin which is located in Khoy County and North West of Iran is one of the high erodibility susceptibility basins due to its unique topographic location and receiving appropriate rainfall throughout the year, especially in spring. The primary purpose of the present study is to investigate and analyze the role of hydrogeomorphic indicators in the sensitivity to erodibility of the sub-basins of the Aland Chai basin located in Khoy County. For this purpose, 12 hydrogeomorphic parameters including Drainage density, Stream frequency, Bifurcation ratio, Drainage texture, Texture ratio, Infiltration Number, Compactness coefficient, Elongation ratio, Circulatory ratio, Form factor, Relief, and Gradient have been used. Study Area Aland Chai basin with an area of 1147.30 km2 is located in the Northwest of Iran and the Western Azerbaijan province. This basin is located between 38°- 30¢-14² and 38°- 48¢-22² N and between 44°- 15¢- 13² and 45°- 01¢-02² E. Basin elevation variations are from 1093m in the Aland Chai River bed to 3638m above sea level in the Avrin Mountain. This basin is one of the sub-basins of the Aras River basin, which surface water flows into the Aras River after joining the grand Qotour River. Materials and methods In the current study, a geomorphometric ranking method was used considering two groups of hydrogeomorphic parameters to rank the parameters. The first groups are the parameters that have a direct relationship with the erodibility of the sub-basins. These parameters include Drainage density, Stream frequency, Bifurcation ratio, Drainage texture, Infiltration number, Relief, and Gradient. The second group includes 4 parameters of Compactness coefficient, Elongation ratio, Circulatory ratio, and Form factor, which have an inverse relationship with erodibility sensitivity. Next, in order to standardize the geomorphometric rating of each of the parameters, equation 1 is used for the first group and equation 2 for the second group. Equation 1) Equation 2) Results and Discussion Hydrogeomorphic analysis of basins plays an important role in analyzing the hydrological behavior of basin. In this study, 12 hydrogeomorphic parameters were analyzed from three aspects of drainage network characteristics, shape parameters, and relief characteristics of the basin in order to investigate the role of these parameters in the sensitivity of the Aland Chai basin to erosion. In the next step, the information of each sub-basin based on 22 hydrogeomorphic parameters were prepared using the geomorphological laws of Horton, Schumm, and Strahler in ArcGIS software. In the following, the final map prioritizing the sub-basins in terms of sensitivity to erosion in 5 classes of very high (<43), high (39-42), medium (33-38), low (30-33) and very low (>30) sensitivity was prepared. Conclusion The results of erosion susceptibility of sub-basins using hydrogeomorphic parameters also showed that 5 sub-basins (sub-basins 1, 2, 3, 4, and 11) have high susceptibility. Land use changes were investigated in the Aland Chai basin between 1985 and 2020. To prepare a land use map, Landsat time-series images and supervised classification method with Maximum Likelihood Algorithm in ENVI software were used. The results of this part of the study showed that the area of the Rangeland had a decreasing trend between 1985 and 2020. In contrast, with the physical development of Khoy and Firouraq cities during the statistical period under study, we are witnessing an increasing trend in the area of built-up areas. Agricultural and garden classes have also increased in 2000, 2010, and 2020 compared to 1985, but the largest increase in agricultural land and garden area is related to 2000. From 2000 with the physical development of Khoy city (development of settlements and facilities) and the expansion of surrounding villages and the integration of some villages with Khoy city (such as Badal Abad village) and the conversion of agricultural lands into urban areas, we see a downward trend in agricultural lands and gardens. The study of the relationship between land use changes in each sub-basin and their erodibility showed that in the sub-basins upstream of Aland Chai basin, land use change (an increase of agricultural lands) or inappropriate and excessive use of area capacity, it is effective in intensifying erodibility of sub-basins.

Original Article Geomorphology

Earthquake risk scenarios in urban areas (Case study: Ardabil city)

Rasoul Samadzadeh

Volume 14, Issue 3 , October 2023, Pages 132-154

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2022.102317

Abstract

Introduction Seismic hazards have always been a growing concern because of the potential consequences in urban areas. However, seismic assessment needs to focus on vulnerable areas of cities. Urban-scale seismic risk assessment is an essential activity to assess the potential consequences of large earthquakes. ... Read More Introduction Seismic hazards have always been a growing concern because of the potential consequences in urban areas. However, seismic assessment needs to focus on vulnerable areas of cities. Urban-scale seismic risk assessment is an essential activity to assess the potential consequences of large earthquakes. This method includes a series of systematic research steps that begin with the identification of seismic hazard, continue with the assessment of the vulnerability of buildings and end with the development of hazard plans and appropriate mitigation plans. The Impact of Seismic Scenarios on the Ardabil City, the ultimate goal of this study is to provide up-to-date information on the seismic vulnerability assessment of the urban operational plan. The main goal of the action plan is to provide a rapid and effective response that minimizes potential damage to people, property and the environment, and returns basic services to people in the shortest possible time. Materials and methods In this study, a method based on the vulnerability index has been used to assess the expected damage in Ardabil. This method introduces a vulnerability index to display and determine whether a building belongs to a particular vulnerability class. This method uses the mean of quasi-experimental vulnerability functions, which for a given vulnerability index is strongly associated with seismicity and expected damage. Risk analysis for seismic scenarios defined by seismic intensities V, V-VI, VI, VI-VII and VII has been performed to design seismic emergency plans. According to the country's seismic Codes, the basic peak ground acceleration for a 475-year return period is 0.04 g, which corresponds to an intensity of VII. Thus, the expected physical damage is quantified and its impact on population and other quantities, such as debris and economic cost, are studied. Results and Discussion High vulnerability causes significant direct physical damage to buildings, even for low-intensity earthquakes. As a result, the expected physical damage in the case of moderate earthquakes is significant. For a magnitude V earthquake, the damage is not expected to be significant, but for a magnitude VII scenario, all five areas and the dilapidated textures within them will experience a level of damage that is slightly higher. Among the five urban areas, Region 2 will have the greatest economic impact due to its high-altitude density, and will cost approximately 261 billion rials for the VII intensity scenario. The economic impact of the earthquake for the five regions is from 101 billion rials for the earthquake with magnitude V-VI to 844 for the earthquake with magnitude VII. Due to the impact of a seismic crisis, there is a significant volume of expected debris production. In addition, under such circumstances, 29% of the total citizens of Ardabil become homeless. Conclusion The city of Ardabil is in the range of moderate to high seismic hazard, which in the current seismic norm of the country has been identified by a specific earthquake with a magnitude of VII and a related acceleration of 0.04g. The city and its environs have a relatively high seismic risk, mainly due to the large population and old and vulnerable buildings. Vulnerability of buildings in Ardabil shows an average value of 0.59 for concrete buildings and 0.93 for masonry buildings. Therefore, masonry structures are predicted to have a higher degree of damage, because the pattern of vulnerability is transferred to the pattern of damage. The vulnerability index of regions 1 (0.950) and 3 (0.850) is higher than other regions. On the other hand, due to the increase in infrastructure and services in areas, one to four vulnerable elements are constantly increasing. Therefore, the only way to reduce seismic risk with a vulnerability reduction approach is through strict measures of seismic regulations and raising public awareness.

Original Article Geography

Integrated assessment of city residents' satisfaction with viability in Tabriz city by structural equation method (Case study: Zone 8)

Ali Zeynali Azim; Islam Karami

Volume 14, Issue 3 , October 2023, Pages 155-178

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103547

Abstract

Introduction Considering that local satisfaction is closely related to viability it can be expected that the environment and neighborhood relations in the neighborhoods of Tabriz have a significant impact on viability. Therefore, in this study, satisfaction with the urban environment and neighborhood ... Read More Introduction Considering that local satisfaction is closely related to viability it can be expected that the environment and neighborhood relations in the neighborhoods of Tabriz have a significant impact on viability. Therefore, in this study, satisfaction with the urban environment and neighborhood relations in urban areas as factors affecting viability in the city of Tabriz has been studied. In this regard, the improvement of urban environments should be prioritized in a way that increases access to urban facilities and encourages residents to interact with each other. Considering that the neighborhood relations factor is known as an influential factor on viability, at present, this research presents an empirical analysis of the city of Tabriz. Tabriz is an example of a city that has experienced rapid urbanization and is becoming a model of development for many cities in Iran. Reflection on the factors affecting the residents' satisfaction with the viability of the city of Tabriz can have important consequences for many developing cities in our country. Therefore, to fill the existing knowledge gap, research questions are posed as follows: 1) How do satisfaction with the urban environment and neighborhood relations in the neighborhoods of Tabriz affect the viability? (2) What is the relationship between the neighborhood in terms of the mediating effect between satisfaction with the urban environment and viability? Materials and methods This article has been done using descriptive-analytical and survey method and using library and field tools. The data collection was done with a questionnaire, the statistical population of the eight city of Tabriz zone is 29384 people based on the statistical yearbook of 2016 and the sample size was 379 people, which was obtained based on Cochran's formula. In addition, respondents were randomly selected. Survey questions were created and modified based on a review of previous studies. Items were ranked using a five-point Likert scale. First, satisfaction with the urban environment was ranked in terms of accessibility, pleasantness and safety. The access factor was measured through the level of satisfaction with access to public institutions, cultural facilities, commercial facilities and medical facilities. Access was assessed for human perception and emotion. The pleasant factor was also measured in terms of satisfaction with green parks and the surrounding natural environment. The safety factor was measured in terms of safety from natural disasters, crime, etc. According to previous studies, the section on neighborhood relations included questions about the reliability of relationships between neighbors and the repetition and quality of their social interactions, and so on. In this study, accessibility, pleasantness and safety, which are sub-components of urban environmental satisfaction, were organized as exogenous variables, while neighborhood relations were classified as a mediator and viability was considered as an endogenous variable. All analyzes were performed using SPSS and AMOS software. On the other hand, structural equation (SEM) can determine the direct and indirect effects on the dependent variable. At this time, the indirect effects can be calculated by the mediator. Results and discussion The results showed that by comparing the total effect of each factor on viability, the access factor had the greatest impact. In addition, the indirect effect of neighborhood relationships between safety and viability was found to be greatest. This means that greater satisfaction in neighborhood relationships can increase the impact of safety on viability. It was also found that the higher the satisfaction of the urban environment, the more positive effect it has on viability. Conclusion Therefore, in order to improve the quality of viability in the city of Tabriz, more attention should be paid to satisfaction with the urban environment and neighborhood relations.

Original Article Geomorphology

Investigation of temperature, humidity changes and glacial evidence in the late Pleistocene (Case study: Kona Goorg valley, northwest of Piranshahr)

rasoul hasani gharnaei; Manijeh Ghahroudi; khadijeh alimoori

Volume 14, Issue 3 , October 2023, Pages 179-198

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103878

Abstract

Introduction Investigating the geomorphology of glaciers and the changes in their past climatic conditions is one of the major topics of mountainous territories. The border areas of Iran and Iraq, which are located along the Mako-Bane Mountain range, have many evidences of glacial traces; But due to ... Read More Introduction Investigating the geomorphology of glaciers and the changes in their past climatic conditions is one of the major topics of mountainous territories. The border areas of Iran and Iraq, which are located along the Mako-Bane Mountain range, have many evidences of glacial traces; But due to the border and security situation and the difficulty of commuting, it has been far from the eyes of researchers. This research has been done to investigate the evidence of glaciers in the past climate of Kona Goorg valley in the northwest of Piranshahr by using field observations and laboratory work and reconstruction of temperature and precipitation. Also, the identification of the sequence of new and old terraces in this area and their comparison and correspondence with the terraces of the Zevka river, the main branch of the Little Zab river, have also been investigated. Materials and methods The data used in this research included topographic maps, Landsat 8 images, climatic data, field observations and sampling. The studied area and elevation data were measured and extracted from 1:50000 topographic maps and during repeated visits with GPS. There were 4 general stages of field operations. The first stage of the field visit includes: identifying and recording the location of landforms, extent of glaciers, identifying evidence of glaciers such as cirques and glacial valleys, moraines and their extent and on the edge of the valleys and taking photographs. has been in the second stage, sediment samples were taken from the Kona Goorg valley and photographed. The third stage was the collection of rock samples, completion of field data and evidence of glacier activity in the Quaternary. Results and discussion The results obtained by Porter's method, the snow-boundary area of the region is 2563.6 meters, and with the method of the maximum height of lateral moraine, the height is 2571 meters. The temperature and precipitation anomalies are 6.45 degrees Celsius and 233.8 mm, respectively. Granulation of the samples, where coarse and medium gravel make up the largest percentage. XRD test showed that chlorite and illite minerals are the most abundant in the surface sample and kaolin mineral is more abundant in the deep sample. Glacial evidences include layers and outcrops of Brecia stone on the edges of glacial valleys in the form of antidotes, the side moraines are stretched up to a height of 2272 meters. The glaciers in the form of new terraces, which are probably related to the Wurm period, are located on both sides of the valley at a lower altitude, and the old terraces are located at a higher altitude (2606 meters) with a difference of 60 to 80 meters from the valley floor. have height A mass of cemented glacial deposites was observed in the left part of the glacier valley with a length of 570 meters and a width of 180 meters, which probably belongs to the older ice ages. The northern valley of the region extends to a height of 2720 meters and the southern valley to a height of 2686 meters and has preserved its U-shaped shape to some extent. One of the main property of Kona Goorg cirques is its elongated shape. In the northern valley, they extend from an altitude of 2720 meters to an altitude of 2900 meters, with a length of 600 to 700 meters. Three alluvial terraces have been identified on the edge of the river. Conclusion In general, evidences and effects of glaciers related to paleoclimate in the study area show that the study area was affected by glacier activity in the late Pleistocene and even in the Holocene. The mountain slopes and especially the edges of the valleys are covered with a huge amount of glacial deposites. Numerous field visits clearly revealed the existence of a sequence of glacial periods. The remains of terraces and glacial drifts at lower altitudes than the glacier cirques show three cross-sections of slope change, which in some slopes are cemented glacial deposites in the middle of piles of new moraine, it has an exterior. These conditions are consistent with the alluvial reservoirs (glacial melt water) of the main branch of the Little Zab river near Mashkan village. These terraces are in line with the findings of Jedari Aywazi's research on the rivers of the lake Urmia basin, which all have 3 to 4 alluvium terraces. is correspond. The granulation and XRD test of the glacial sediment samples confirmed the poorly sorted, angularity and superior volume of the gravel sizes, which is indicative of severe physical weathering. Putting these data together with the reconstruction of temperature and precipitation is indicative of the changes. An increase in precipitation and a decrease in temperature in the past compared to the present.

The consequences of instrumental-technical planning approach in empowerment and rural development, case study: Pakdasht and Rey counties

ناصر شفیعی ثابت; Negin Sadat Mirvahedi

Volume 11, Issue 2 , July 2020, , Pages 110-126

https://doi.org/10.52547/esrj.11.2.110

Abstract

IntroductionPaying attention to empowering rural stakeholders with emphasis on community approach in planning was proposed by Jürgen Habermas and then Forster (1993, 1989, 1985). In the area, a set of plans and projects are planned for the villagers by various organizations. The dominance of the ... Read More IntroductionPaying attention to empowering rural stakeholders with emphasis on community approach in planning was proposed by Jürgen Habermas and then Forster (1993, 1989, 1985). In the area, a set of plans and projects are planned for the villagers by various organizations. The dominance of the "expert- oriented " and "top-down" approach in the development planning process in Iran has had detrimental environmental, ecological, socio-economic impacts on rural settlements in the study area. It is necessary to analyze the implications of this planning for the process of sustainable rural development in the area.Materials and methodsIn fact, the purpose of the present survey is to identify and explain the consequences of planning with its current approach to sustainable development in rural areas of the study area. Also the factors and indicators of empowerment influenced by the development planning system's approach in the rural areas are analyzed.The present survey was carried out using descriptive-analytical method to investigate the status of planning with an expert- oriented approach in the area and to explain the research questions and hypotheses in detail. The statistical population of the present survey is a total of 124 villages in rural settlements of Pakdasht and Rey counties around Tehran metropolis. Spearman and Tobey Kendall correlation coefficients were used to investigate the significant relationship between variables. Also, regression was used for intensity of component effects.Results and discussionAccording to the results, all indicators (education and awareness, knowledge and skills and human resource development, competence, meaningfulness, self-determination, trust and confidence, participation) were significant. In fact, empowerment-enhancing indicators are below average. Indicators considered in the planning process are empowerment of local stakeholders, components of education and awareness, knowledge and skills that have an impact on sustainable rural development. Other indicators were excluded because their correlation was not significant and were at lower levels from the regression model. Between the two components of empowerment in the planning process with development, there is a correlation of 0.335. Finally, based on the standardized coefficient, the results show that education and awareness under the current conditions have the greatest impact on sustainable rural development. At present, the indicators of competence, meaningfulness, self-determination, trust and confidence, participation, institutionalism have not found their place in explaining sustainable rural development.ConclusionThe implications of the current approach in environmental - ecological dimension do not improve land, quantity and quality of agricultural land, reduced erosion and soil quality, status of surface and ground water and quantity and quality of water, status of sewage system and waste collection. The social dimension doesn’t improve rural poverty alleviation, reducing vulnerability, rural efficiency, bank savings rates, and income levels in rural areas. In the economic aspect, public health, rural social security, quality of life through opportunities for education, education, services, quality of employment and income generation, rural housing renovation, rural migration, rural community status, cultural and artistic activities in the area are not improved. But in terms of physical, improvements, rural housing and rural access to infrastructure, markets for trading products, commercial and educational uses and the status of rural passages have increased.

Geology

Investigation of the engineering geological properties of host rock masses in section third of Urmia - Tabriz freeway tunnel and suggested support system based on empirical and numerical methods

Hessam Jamalizadeh; Mahmoud Fatemi Aghda; Mehdi Talkhablou; Ehsan Mokhtari

Volume 12, Issue 4 , March 2022, , Pages 123-146

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2022.101464

Abstract

Introduction The issue of stability and maintenance of the rock mass structure is one of the inevitable cases for the construction of underground structures. The third section of the Urmia-Tabriz Freeway Project will approximately reduce the length of the path 12 km by running the two tunnels system ... Read More Introduction The issue of stability and maintenance of the rock mass structure is one of the inevitable cases for the construction of underground structures. The third section of the Urmia-Tabriz Freeway Project will approximately reduce the length of the path 12 km by running the two tunnels system with an approximate length of 4.4 km. Materials and methods Based on field studies, two units of Trachytic (OMtr) and Gabbroic (OMgb) with Oligo-Miocene age were identified as host rocks. These two units are subdivided into smaller units called OMtr (1), OMgb (2), OMgb (2), OMtr(2) and Cr due to various engineering issues such as differences in engineering geological properties, overhead height and etc. Investigation of engineering geology and geotechnic of host rock masses usually include discontinuity identification, exploratory drilling, and rock mass engineering classification. In addition, numerical analysis is performed using PLAXIS. Results and discussion Generally, 170 discontinuities were surveyed and analyzed using Dips 5.1. There are three main joints along the tunnel, critical wedges were detected with the help of Unwedge which suggested 1cm thick reinforced shotcrete for their stability. The rock masses were classified, according to the empirical methods RMR, Q, GSI and RMi based on the support system proposed. Allowable displacement in the tunnel was also determined using empirical equations (Sakurai equations). The minimum allowable displacement is 1.94 cm for unit OMgb (1) and the highest at 3.13 cm is for unit Cr. PLAXIS which is a finite element program, was used for numerical analysis. In one-step drilling, excessive allowable displacement is obtained by empirical equations and then modeled through two-stage drilling. The results determined the thickness of the shotcrete with a compressive strength of 250 kg/cm2 in OMtr (1) unit, 5 cm, in OMgb (2), OMgb (1) and OMtr (2) units, 10 cm and in the Cr unit it was modeled 15 cm. Also, the safety factor of different units shows that the lowest is OMtr (1), which is higher than the minimum required safety factor. Phase2 was used to validate the modeling. To avoid duplication, two units of OMtr (1) and Cr were validated. The maximum displacement in unit OMtr (1) is 0.24 cm and in unit Cr it is 1.41 cm. Conclusion According to empirical classifications, rock mass quality is determined as good for OMgb (1) unit, fair for OMgb (2), OMtr (1) and OMtr (2) units and as poor for Cr unit. Due to the quality of the rock mass, the support system of 3 m long rock bolt, spaced at 1.35 to 2.5 m and 5 to 6 cm of reinforced shotcrete for OMgb (1) unit, 4 m long rock bolt, spaced at 1 to 2 m and 10 to 15 cm of reinforced shotcrete for OMgb (2), OMtr (1) and OMtr (2) units with 4 to 5 m long rock bolt, spaced at 1 to 2 m were suggested. More than15 cm of reinforced shotcrete was suggested for Cr unit. According to the support system in PLAXIS, shotcrete with thicknesses of 5, 10 and 15 cm was suggested for OMtr (1) - OMgb (1), OMgb (2). OMtr (2) - Cr. It was observed that the maximum displacement in all units was less than the calculated value by the Sakurai method and the least safety factor is also 2.13 for OMtr (1) unit. The model was validated with Phase2 and the results were very close.

Structural empowerment of rural stakeholders for participation in entrepreneurship process through mediating role of perceived effects of entrepreneurship development

Somayeh Yousefi; Naser Shafiei Sabet

Volume 12, Issue 2 , July 2021, , Pages 93-111

https://doi.org/10.52547/esrj.12.2.93

Abstract

IntroductionToday, entrepreneurship development is primarily influenced by rural stakeholders' structural empowerment. Because structural empowerment process through changing knowledge, skills, attitudes, and feelings of stakeholders’ and strengthening and flourishing their capacities, inner ... Read More IntroductionToday, entrepreneurship development is primarily influenced by rural stakeholders' structural empowerment. Because structural empowerment process through changing knowledge, skills, attitudes, and feelings of stakeholders’ and strengthening and flourishing their capacities, inner talents, and improving their behavior and perception from the benefits of entrepreneurship development, leads to their greater involvement in rural entrepreneurship. Accordingly, powerful rural stakeholders are fundamental to innovation and the creation of a new mix of entrepreneurship. Their participation in the entrepreneurial process is a suitable basis for entrepreneurial success.Materials and MethodsThe present study was conducted to examine the effects of rural stakeholders' structural empowerment on their participation in the entrepreneurship process, through the mediating role of the perceived impact of entrepreneurship development on Tarom. In this descriptive-analytic study, the data collection was conducted using a questionnaire. The study's statistical population includes 95 inhabited villages of Tarom County, Iran, which according to the Census of 2016, has a population of 36817 people and 11412 households. In this study, 37 villages were randomly selected to complete the questionnaire at the village level.Results The results showed a positive and significant relationship between the rural stakeholders' structural empowerment Index with the mediating variables, including perceived ecological-environmental, socio-cultural and economic effects of entrepreneurship development. Additionally, the relationship between the structural empowerment of rural stakeholders and their participation in the entrepreneurship process through the mediating role of perceived socio-cultural and economic effects of entrepreneurship development, according to z value, was confirmed. However, the relationship between the structural empowerment of rural stakeholders and their participation in the entrepreneurship process through the mediating role of the perceived environmental-ecological effects of entrepreneurship development was not confirmed. In other words, the implementation of entrepreneurship programs and plans in the ecological-environmental field has not aligned rural stakeholders' participation in this field. In general, the results showed that rural stakeholders' structural empowerment had had a positive and significant impact on their participation in the economic and social-cultural dimensions of entrepreneurship, through the mediating role of perceived socio-cultural and economic effects of entrepreneurship development.ConclusionStructural empowerment is an essential step towards improving the potentials and talents of rural stakeholders. Paying attention to rural stakeholders' structural empowerment can provide the basis for environmental, ecological, social, cultural, economic, and physical stability and equilibrium of rural settlements at local and regional levels.

Spatial analysis of urban poverty in urban spaces (case study: Noorabad city)

sedigheh lotfi

Volume 11, Issue 1 , March 2020, , Pages 152-168

https://doi.org/10.52547/esrj.11.1.152

Abstract

IntroductionIncreased urbanization has led to urban poverty. In developing countries, rapid urban growth is typically greater than the capacity of local governments in providing services and infrastructure. This leads to an increase in urban poverty and inequality within the city. In recent decades, ... Read More IntroductionIncreased urbanization has led to urban poverty. In developing countries, rapid urban growth is typically greater than the capacity of local governments in providing services and infrastructure. This leads to an increase in urban poverty and inequality within the city. In recent decades, due to the significant concentration of poverty in the city, discussions and conversations about the causes and consequences of poverty have become prevalent with a renewed importance.The city of Noorabad has witnessed the formation of slum areas in some urban spaces, due to the rapid population growth over the past decades and the inability to provide proper services and facilities to citizens. In order to plan and reintegrate the situation of the poor, initially, the location and spatial distribution of poverty must be exactly identified in the city. Then with careful planning, this challenging urban problem may be solved.Materials and MethodsThe research method is based on descriptive-analytic approaches and detailed data were obtained at the level of statistical blocks of Noorabad city in 2011. Also some relevant information collected from secondary studies were used. First, the 32 indicators of urban poverty are un-scaled with fuzzy method in Excel and then, by combining the indicators, the combined indexes of urban poverty were extracted. For spatial analysis of the integrated urban poverty index, several spatial cluster analysis models such as spatial Moran spatial, local Moran statistics, hot spots, profile graphs and trend analysis in ArcGIS software were used.Results and Discussion The results of multi-distance spatial cluster analysis and Moran spatial autocorrelation show that amounts of the combined index of urban poverty with clustered pattern is distributed in Noorabad city. Based on the results of local Moran and hotspot methods, poverty clusters are concentrated in the northern parts of the city and rich clusters are in the southern parts. Also, based on the combined index of urban poverty, 51 percent of the population of the city are poor and very poor, and 31 percent of its population are rich and very rich, and 18 percent of its population are located in the middle income areas. Based on the profile of the combined index of urban poverty, the west and south of the city are considered to be the prosperous area and the eastern and northern parts of the city are deprived zones. The trend analysis of the combined index of urban poverty also showed that the trend in the data of the combined index of urban poverty in the east-west direction and in the north-south direction has increased significantly.ConclusionPoverty is one of the socially undesirable phenomenon that planners and policymakers are always seeking to reduce. The success of poverty alleviation programs depend on the exact identification of the phenomenon of poverty and its indicators. Urban areas are very diverse and there are significant differences in different regions and in particular urban areas. Hence, measuring urban poverty is also important in urban areas. In this research, by using available tools in Arc GIS, spatial analysis of urban poverty in the city Noorabad was performed. The results of the analyzing patterns show that the combined indexes of urban poverty have been distributed with cluster patterns across the city. According to the results of the mapped clusters, poverty clusters are concentrated in northern parts of city and rich clusters in the southern parts. Also, based on the zoning the combined index of urban poverty, 51 percent of the population of the city are poor and very poor. According to the results, it can be stated that the results of this study are based on the clustering pattern of urban poverty distribution corresponding with the results of most researches presented in the study, including Gio et al (2018), Nikpour et al (2019), Nikpour and Hasanalizadeh (2018), Farhadikhah et al (2017), Rustai et al (2016), and Movahed et al (2016).

The elemental potential study based on modern methods of geochemical and airborne geophysical data in Lahrud 1:100,000 sheet, NW Iran

Zahra Farahmandfar; Mohammad Reza Ja'fari; Peyman Afzal; Afshin Ashja Ardalan

Volume 11, Issue 3 , August 2020, , Pages 53-72

https://doi.org/10.52547/esrj.11.3.53

Abstract

IntroductionLahrud is situated in NW Iran, between 47º 30´ to 48º longitudes and 38º 30´ to 39º latitudes, based on the structural units this area is part of the Eocene age trending Alborz-Azerbaijan magmatic belt .The volcanic rocks of Eocene age mainly comprise ... Read More IntroductionLahrud is situated in NW Iran, between 47º 30´ to 48º longitudes and 38º 30´ to 39º latitudes, based on the structural units this area is part of the Eocene age trending Alborz-Azerbaijan magmatic belt .The volcanic rocks of Eocene age mainly comprise of alkaline series.Materials and Methods Fractal modeling has been widely used in various fields of earth sciences and mineral exploration since the 1980s. One of the most important methods is the Concentration-Number fractal method; this method is based on the inverse relationship between the concentration and the cumulative frequency of each concentration and higher concentrations. In 2003, about 600 samples of Lahroud 1: 100,000 sheet stream sediments were randomly sampled by the National Geological and Mineral Exploration Organization and analyzed by ICP-MS. In this study, classical statistics operations, factor analysis, fractal Concentration-Number of operations and element geochemical anomaly maps were prepared. Classical statistics have a structural weakness for not taking into account the spatial position of the data which causes systematic errors. Factor analysis is one of the most popular multivariate analyses, which is used as a powerful tool for visualizing large three-dimensional spatial data based on the variance and covariance matrices. In this method, a large set of geochemical variables are combined with several factors. The basis of the factor analysis work is, that after the initial stages of data preparation, at each stage, the elements that have a number higher than 0.6 should be selected and the rest of the elements should be removed.Results and Discussion Factor analysis was performed in SPSS software and had four stages; All disruptive elements (Mo, Be, Hg, Pb, Ag, Sr, Se, and Bi) were removed after four stages of factor analysis, and As, Sb, Sn, W, Co, Mn, Zn, Ti, Ba, Ni, Cr, Au, Cu and B were classified into five groups. Graph diagram of the C-N of invoice points was drawn and their values determined the maps of geochemical communities. The interpretation of airborne geophysical data is done both qualitatively and quantitatively. In interpreting this data, geological structures such as the location of intrusive masses, faults or hidden faults, contacts, special structures such as folds, various alteration zones and various lithologies and their changes are considered. The Oasis Montaj geophysical software offers a variety of filters and applications for analyzing and, interpreting aerial magnetic data. Geophysical surveys of the Lahrud area were performed on 48 flight lines, including longitude, latitude, and magnetic field for each point.ConclusionThe presence of Andesite and Andesite-basalt rocks on the surface (geological study of area) reinforces the possibility of the presence of dioritic intrusive mass. This, has caused some of the rocks around the intrusive mass and fractures to rise through the weak points around it, and it has flowed as lava on the earth's surface. Finally it has formed the Andesite rocks of the region. Due to the size, depth and alterations of the rocks around the southern intrusive mass of the region, this, type of rooted batolite was detected with a slope to the south. The presence of Sb in the southwestern region confirms the performance of a hydrothermal system; the system, rises through the existing faults and affects the alteration rocks, creating Alunitization, Kaolinitiezation and Silicification alterations in the southwest and center of the sheet. Most of the anomalies are around the intrusive mass south of the region, where hydrothermal fluids have caused alterations, followed by mineralization. Concentration-Number fractal calculations, step-by-step factor analysis, preparation of geochemical anomalies of Gold, Antimony and Copper elements, studies and preparation of geophysical maps indicate that the anomalies of the elements are significant. They correspond to alteration areas and intrusions. This, indicates a close and notable connection between the alterations, faults and, intrusive masses of the Lahrud 1:100,000 sheet with the anomaly of the elements, especially Au and Cu. Therefore, the best exploration items in this sheet are Gold and Copper.

علمی -پژوهشی

مطالعات زمین شناسی، دگرسانی و ژئوشیمی کانسار مس قیصری، غرب ترود، استان سمنان

Shiva Meskini Siahmard

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 March 2021

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2021.100883

Abstract

معدن مس قیصری در 105 کیلومتری جنوب شهرستان دامغان در استان سمنان، در انتهای غربی نوار آتشفشانی- رسوبی ترود- چاه شیرین و بخش شمالی پهنه ساختاری- رسوبی ایران مرکزی واقع شده ... Read More معدن مس قیصری در 105 کیلومتری جنوب شهرستان دامغان در استان سمنان، در انتهای غربی نوار آتشفشانی- رسوبی ترود- چاه شیرین و بخش شمالی پهنه ساختاری- رسوبی ایران مرکزی واقع شده است. کانسنگهای منطقه کالکوسیت، کوولیت، پیریت، دیژنیت، مالاکیت، آزوریت و مس خالص همراه با کانی‌های آهن ازجمله هماتیت، گوتیت، مگنتیت و لیمونیت هستند. سنگ‌های میزبان کانه‌زایی شامل بازالت و آندزیت و سنگ‌های آذرآواری از جمله توف و آگلومرا با ترکیب مشابه، به سن ائوسن، سنگ‌های میزبان کانه‌زایی مس منطقه می‌باشند. روند عمومی واحدهای میزبان شمال‌غربی- جنوب شرقی با شیب به سمت جنو‌ب‌غرب است که توسط یک دایک با روند شمال‌شرقی- جنوب‌غربی قطع شده است. کانه‌زایی مس به شکل شکافه‌پرکن در طرفین دایک به طول بیش از یک کیلومتر و عرض حدود 20 متر رخ داده‌است. دگرسانی‌های مشاهده شده در منطقه عبارتند از: کلریتی، آرژیلیتی، سریسیتی، سیلیسی، کربناته و اکسیدهای آهن. براساس تبعیت کانه‌زایی شکافه‌پرکن در طرفین دایک، کانی‌شناسی ساده و دگرسانی‌های اطراف آن می‌توان نفوذ دایک دیابازی را عامل اصلی حرارتی در کانه‌زایی دانست. در منطقه قیصری این دایک دیابازی به‌عنوان یک کلید اکتشافی محسوب می‌شود. بر این اساس بخش جنوب و جنوب‌غرب منطقه، توسط آبرفت، دایک و کانه‌زایی مس قابل شناسایی می‌باشد. بر پایه مطالعات انجام شده‌ احتمالا⸗ خواستگاه مس محلول‌های هیدروترمال دما پایین بوده که سبب شستشوی مس از سنگ‌های آتشفشانی با ترکیب آندزیت و بازالت و ته‌نشست آن‌ها در شکستگی‌های موجود در سنگ‌های میزبان شده است. براساس بررسی‌های ژئوشیمیایی گدازه‌ها به سری آهکی- قلیایی پتاسیم بالا وابسته‌اند، که در یک حاشیه فعال قاره‌ای تشکیل شده است.

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علمی -پژوهشی

پتروگرافی، ژئوشیمی و سن سنجی توده‌های گرانیتوئیدی منطقه سِیدال(جنوب شرق بیرجند)، خراسان جنوبی.

iman Araadfar; Mohammad hossein Zarrin koub; سید سعید محمدی; ابراهیم غلامی; Sun-Lin Chung; afsaneh Rashidpoor

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 March 2021

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2021.100784

Abstract

توده‌های گرانیتوئیدی سِیدال در 150 کیلومتری جنوب شرق بیرجند در مرز شمال غربی زون جوش خورده سیستان در شرق ایران رخنمون دارند که واحدهای افیولیتی و دگرگونی منسوب به کرتاسه ... Read More توده‌های گرانیتوئیدی سِیدال در 150 کیلومتری جنوب شرق بیرجند در مرز شمال غربی زون جوش خورده سیستان در شرق ایران رخنمون دارند که واحدهای افیولیتی و دگرگونی منسوب به کرتاسه فوقانی را قطع کرده‌اند. این توده‌ها دارای فازهای گرانودیوریت، مونزوگرانیت و سینوگرانیت می‌باشند. گرانودیوریت به‌صورت یک توده نفوذی کشیده با امتداد شمال غرب - جنوب شرق به عنوان توده اصلی و توده‌های مونزوگرانیت و سینوگرانیتی به صورت توده‌های کوچک، در مرز واحد گرانودیوریت و اولترامافیک مشاهده می‌شوند. کانی‌های تشکیل ‌دهنده این سنگ‌ها شامل کوارتز، پلاژیوکلاز، پتاسیم فلدسپار، بیوتیت، آمفیبول، اسفن، آپاتیت، زیرکن، گارنت و مسکویت هستند. بافت غالب این سنگ‌ها گرانولار و به ندرت پرتیتی و میرمکیتی است. توده گرانودیوریتی متاآلومین و توده‌های مونزوگرانیت و سینوگرانیتی پرآلومین و کالک آلکالن می باشند. غنی شدگی از عناصر لیتوفیل بزرگ یون (LILE)و بالا بودن نسبت عناصر نادر خاکی سبک به سنگین (LREE/HREE) به همراه آنومالی‌های منفی از عناصر با شدت میدان بالا (HFSE) مانندNb ,P وTi در واحد گرانودیوریتی حاکی از تعلق آنها به گرانیتوئیدهای نوع I و کمان ماگمایی(VAG) است. توده‌های مونزوگرانیت و سینوگرانیتی آنومالی منفی P ,Ti ,Ba ,Srو Nb و آنومالی مثبت La ,Th ,Rb ,Kو Ce دارند که نشان از منشأ گرفتن این سنگ ها از پوسته قاره‌ای است و در جایگاه تکتونیکی برخورد قاره‌ای(syn-COLG) و همچنین در گروه گرانیتهای نوعS قرار می‌گیرند. سن سنجی به روش زیرکن - اورانیوم - سرب، سن توده گرانودیوریتی را 7/0±3/54 میلیون سال (اوایل ائوسن) تعیین نمود. منشأ توده‌های نوع I در محدوده‌ی آمفیبولیت و نوعS در محدوده‌ی مذاب‌های حاصل از رسوبات پلیتی تصویر شده‌اند که نوع I می‌تواند در ارتباط با فرورانش رخ داده درخاور ایران و نوع S از برخورد دو بلوک قاره‌ای لوت و افغان بوجود آمده باشد.

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Original Article Geology

Geometric and kinematic analysis of the Tuyeh-Darvar pop-up structure (Southern part of the Eastern Alborz Mountains)

Elahe Taheri; Ebrahim Gholami; Ali Yassaghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 July 2021

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2021.101281

Abstract

Tuyeh-Darvar mountains are located in southern flank of the eastern Alborz and due to a relatively complete stratigraphy sequences from Paleozoic to Cenozoic are a suitable location for analysis on structural evolution over the southern slope of eastern Alborz. The Giv Fault ,as the southern boundary ... Read More

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علمی -پژوهشی

Geology, Mineralography and geochemistry in 16 B Fe minealization Bafq(Yazd)

pouria salami; afshin akbarpour; mohammad lotfi; arash gourabjiri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 March 2021

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2021.100929

Abstract

XVI-B anomaly iron ore deposit is located in Iran-Central structural zone in Bafq area. Based on geological knowledge the oldest rocks in this area are Precambrian metamorphosed units like genaiss, mica-schist, amphibolite and migmatite that formed bedrocks for this mineralization anomaly. The mineralization ... Read More XVI-B anomaly iron ore deposit is located in Iran-Central structural zone in Bafq area. Based on geological knowledge the oldest rocks in this area are Precambrian metamorphosed units like genaiss, mica-schist, amphibolite and migmatite that formed bedrocks for this mineralization anomaly. The mineralization area is completely covered by a series of Tertiary and Quaternary sediments of Bafq Basin. Mineralization intrusion mass units are specified by alkaline diorites-syenites. This deposit contains a variety of igneous, metamorphic and metasomatic rocks. Based on the petrographic view, igneous rocks are granitoid that are include: gabbro, syenite, quartz monzonite, granite, and highly altered basaltic rocks (metabasite). The metamorphic rocks are marble, epidote actinolite, actinolite (metasomatic rocks) and skarn rocks. Metallic mineralization has occurred in relation to syenite, gabbro and skarn rocks. Magnetite is the most abundant iron oxide ore in this anomaly and it can be seen with aggregate, ribbon, fill in the void and spray texture and its pieces are shaped to be amorphous. Magnetite is oxidized near the surface and is altered to hematite, goethite, and other iron oxides. Other metallic minerals participants with magnetite are pyrite and chalcopyrite that can be seen with quartz, actinolite, calcite, and epidote in various forms within host rocks, syenite intrusions, gabbros, and skarns. Accordance with rare element diagrams in iron mineralization and intrusive masses, which indicates the origin of mineralization is similar to intrusive masses probability. Iron oxide grade varies between 5 and 75 percent in the ore. The iron element has a negative correlation with titanium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium and sodium oxides. Based on cobalt to nickel, chromium to nickel, chromium to vanadium relationship, this iron deposit is placed in the hydrothermal deposits range. Due to the Al / Co and Sn / Ga ratios, this deposit is located within the skarn type deposits. Based on the scattering patterns of trace elements XVI-B anomaly iron ore is more similar to the skarn type deposits. Geological, mineralogical and geochemical evidence of magnetite indicates skarn origin for iron mineralization of XVI-B anomaly. This means that iron is displaced by hot fluids from the intrusive masses and accumulates in the interval between the metamorphic units and marble.

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علمی -پژوهشی Geology

Surface and sub-surface studies on geology and characteristics of ore-forming fluids in the Niaz porphyry copper prospect, west of Meshginshahr

Hadi Mohammadian; Ali Asghar Calagari; Ali Asghar Calagari; vartan simmonds; Kamal Siahcheshm

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 March 2021

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2021.100925

Abstract

The Niaz copper prospect is located in west of Meshginshahr, east of Gharehdagh mineralization zone. The lithologic units in this area include intermediate igneous sub-volcanic (granodiorite, quartz monzonite, quartz monzo-diorite) and pyroclastic rocks. In terms of magmatic series, the igneous units ... Read More

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Original Article Geomorphology

physico-chemical characteristics of soil in badland areas formation

Hamid Reza Moradi; Vali Rezaei; Mahdi Erfanian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 July 2021

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2021.101282

Abstract

Characteristic features of Badland are the lack of vegetation, steep slopes and dense drainage network are considered as important sources of erosion and sediment production in the world. The extent to which different physical and chemical factors of the soil in the formation and spread of pustular erosion ... Read More

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Original Article Geography

Institutional Capacity and Sustainable Regional Development (Case Study: Bojnourd and Raz and Jorglan Counties, North Khorasan Province).

خداکرم ملایی; لطفعلی کوزه گر کالجی; محمد تقی رضویان; جمیله توکلی نیا

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 31 May 2022

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2022.102411

Abstract

In the last three decades, the use of institutional capacity in achieving sustainable regional development has been at the top of the world's development plans, however, in less developed countries such as Iran, this important issue has been neglected. These institutions as development agents have an ... Read More

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Original Article Geography

Urban Energy Modeling to Achieve Regenerative Cities; Case Study: Tehran Metropolis

Sohrab Moazzen

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 February 2022

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2022.102102

Abstract

This research seeks to determine, compare and identify alternative energy scenarios for the study area, focusing on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The present study argues that urban regenerative sustainable energy modeling is a suitable method for quantitative ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Geochemical explorations and introduction of stratabound copper in Samanloo area, west of Sabalan, NW of Iran

Hadi Mohammadian; vartan simmonds; Kamal Siahcheshm

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 February 2022

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2022.102101

Abstract

Samanloo area is located 19 km southwest of Meshginshahr and west of Sabalan Mountain. The lithologic units in this area include Eocene volcano-sedimentary sequence (andesite, trachy andesite with tuff and shale interlayers and mafic lava flows), Oligocene intrusions (granodiorite, granite and monzonite) ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Petrography, mineral chemistry and thermobarometry of the Sinavand intrusive body and its enclaves (NE-Sonqor -Kermanshah)

Ashraf Torkian; leyla Shams

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 March 2022

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2022.102262

Abstract

The studied area is located in theNE-Sonqor city (Sinavand Mountain) in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. The aim of this paper is investigation of field relationships, petrographic properties and mineral chemistry of host rock (granite and granodiorite) and mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) which sometimes ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Effect of the Perpendicular Faults Interaction on the Rag Sefid and Tango Folds Evolution (SW Iran)

Mehdi Yousefi; Seyed Morteza Moussavi; Abolghasem Jafari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 March 2022

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2022.102264

Abstract

In the South Dezful Embayment, due to the sequence of the Zagros deformation phases and the tectonic inversion occurrence in the Rag Sefid thrust fault, as well as the reactivation of the Hendijan-Izeh fault, there has been a prependicular interaction in these faults that caused an important effect on ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Study of the potential of permeability of the faults as a canal for transport of the Environmental pollutants, by Geophysical methods

Behzad Zamani G

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 December 2022

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2022.102963

Abstract

Due to the importance of pollution and adverse consequences on ecosystems and human life, in this study, in the area of Zailik mine in NW Iran, in order to determine the range of changes in Geoelectrical resistivity of faults with crushed zone containing fluid potential in the study area and separation ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Evaluation of microfacies, sedimentary environment and original mineralogy of the Garau Formation in Aligudarz section, Lorestan

Saeed Shabrang; Ehsan Dehyadegari; Mohammad Hoseyn Adabi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 July 2022

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2022.102594

Abstract

In order to study the microfacies, sedimentary environment, original mineralogical composition and diagenetic environment of the Garau Formation with the age of Aptian-Albian (Lower Cretaceous), in the high Zagros zone, Aligudarz section in Ghali-Kooh (Lorestan South East) was selected and studied. The ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Determination of Physicochemical Properties and API of Asmari Reservoir in Ahvaz Oil Field Using Petroleum Inclusions Study

Alireza Zarasvandi; Bahram Alizadeh; Abbas Maraveneh; Mohammad Hossein Heidarifard

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 31 May 2022

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2022.102410

Abstract

Fluid inclusions provide valuable evidence of the formation temperature of minerals, the pressure on their formation environment, the fluids densities that make up the minerals, and the chemical composition of the mineralizing fluids. This data can be used to interpret temperature history, maturity, ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Investigation on the oil and gas geomicrobial anomalies of the Seyvan mud volcano, adjacent to Marand city, East Azerbaijan, Iran

Maryam Teymouri; Ali Kadkhodaei; Nasir Amel; Rahim Kadkhodaei; Gholamreza Zarrini; Soghra Hatamzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 June 2022

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2022.102417

Abstract

Mud Volcano systems are the result of a series of reactions from several processes developed from depth to surface. They are one of strangest and most fascinating geomorphologic phenomena. Since the mud volcanoes originate from deeper depths of the earth, they can indicate subsurface processes. They ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Determine of Geochemical Characteristics and Oil-Oil Correlation of Asmari and Sarvak Formations in one of the NW Persian Gulf Oil Fields Based on Biomarker and Isotope Studies.

bijan Beiranvand; Nasrin Beiranvand; Hadi Kermanshahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 31 August 2022

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2022.102683

Abstract

In this research, in order to investigate the geochemical characteristics of oil samples collected from Asmari and Sarvak reservoirs in one of the oil fields in the northwest of the Persian Gulf, methods and techniques of SARA test, gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometer and carbon ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Geology, remote sensing and geochemistry studies of the potash deposit of Syahoo salt dome, north Bandar Abbass

Susan Ebrahimi; Moin Alddin Yassari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 January 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103060

Abstract

AbstractThe Syahoo salt dome is in the north of Bandar-Abbas in Hormozgan province and structurally it is located in the geological zone of the Zagros. Hormoz Island and the east of the Zagros Mountains, which are related to the geological formations of Hormoz series, consist of many salt diapirs and ... Read More

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Original Article Geography

Estimation of Solar Ultraviolet (UV-B) Radiation Using Aura Satellite Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) in Iran

Koohzad Raispour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 January 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103108

Abstract

Part of the sun's rays are made up of ultraviolet (UV-B) rays, which have short wavelengths and high energy and cause a variety of side effects, including sunburn, skin allergies and skin cancer. The purpose of this study is to estimate the spatiotemporal of solar ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation using the ... Read More

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Original Article Geography

Extraction of Coastal Land Use Patterns and Monitoring of Changes in Qeshm Island with the Approach of Coastal Construction Management

MAJID KIA; mohsen dadras; ZEINAB ALIYAS

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 February 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103142

Abstract

Aerial photographs were used in the years 1346, 1369, 1374, 1386 and 1396 (51 years) to monitor changes in coastal land use. Coastal uses were manually extracted in ArcGIS software. The results showed that barren lands, rocky hills and scattered forests are the dominant patterns of Qeshm coastal land ... Read More

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Original Article Geography

Identifying and tracking cut-off lows effective in Iranian heavy rains

shahram lotfi gharanchai; Alireza Shakoba; Tayebeh Akbari Azirani; Amemeh Dasht Bozorgi; Fatemeh Rabbani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 February 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103188

Abstract

In this study, the climatology of cut-off lows systems at the level of 500 hPa of the northern hemisphere effective on heavy rainfall in Iran has been discussed. The ECMWF reanalysis data were used to identify and track cut-off lows that lasted for more than 48 hours in the statistical period of 33 years ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Biostratigraphy, Microfacies and Depositional Environment of the Gadvan and Dariyan Formations, in the Gachsaran Oilfield, Southwest Iran

Behzad Saeedi Razavi; narges monjezi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 May 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103508

Abstract

In order to study the biostratigraphy, and depositional environment of Gadvan and Dariyan formations in wells A and B, Gachsaran oil fields, a large number of microscopic thin sections have been studied. This oil field is located 220 km southeast of Ahvaz city. In this study, the Gadvan formation consists ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Hydrogeochemical assessment of Cheshmeh Kileh catchment (Mazandaran Province) by ArcGIS and AqQA software, case comparison of Dohezar and Sehezar sub-basins

Nikoo Shiroud Issa; Alireza Ganji; ali moghimi kandelous; Saeid Hakimi Asiabar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 May 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103509

Abstract

Cheshmeh Kileh catchment has two main tributaries, Dohezar and Sehezar, which, after surveying mountainous areas, join in a plain area. The center of gravity was determined using a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Sampling points were determined based on the degree of waterway and possible terrestrial ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Occurrence and genesis of Borjlu travertine located in Nair in Ardabil province based on the geochemical and stable isotopes findings

Ali Lotfi Bakhsh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 May 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103527

Abstract

Geochemical and isotopic characteristics of freshwater or continental carbonates are different from each other. The study of carbon and oxygen stable isotopes is one of the most useful study tools for carbonates, including travertine deposits. In Borjlu range, which is located on the tectonic belt of ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Paleo-stress analysis of Koleh Sangi Region- northern Zahedan- Sistan Suture Zone

Samin Safaee; Abdolreza Partabian; Ali Asghar Moridi Farimani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 May 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103528

Abstract

In this work, the multiple inversion method and a field collection of brittle deformation markers were used to assess the paleo-stress in the Koleh Sangi deformed area to the north of Zahedan. The features of fault surfaces and associated slickenside were gathered for this purpose from different sites. ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

mineralization of gold, copper and associated metals in the northern Hired area, South Khorasan, East Iran

Hamid Rostamipour; Mehrdad Behzadi; mehrdad movahedi; mohammad amini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 June 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103546

Abstract

Northern Hired mining area with an area of about 25 square kilometers is located in South Khorasan province and 140 kilometers south of Birjand city. in this area, intermediate to acidic intrusive masses with the composition of granodiorite to granite have penetrated and affected the Tertiary sedimentary-volcanic ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

3-D geophysical modeling using 2-D acquisitioned data and geostatistics for Yazd, Ali-Abad copper deposit to propose optimal drilling location

Reza Ahmadi; Javad Ehsan nejad

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103818

Abstract

In Aliabad copper deposit located in Taft city of Yazd province, 1666 magnetic data points as well as resisitivity and induced polarization through rectangular configuration and along four profiles have been surveyed. In the present research, first, 2-D smooth inverse modeling of resistivity and chargeability ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Palynological evidences to reconstruct the paleoclimate of Upper Triassic deposits, South Tabas, central Iran

Firoozeh HashemiYazdi; Freshteh Sajjadi Hezaveh; Zahra Mohammadi Manesh; Narges Sadat Mirpoor Shah Abolghasemi,

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103819

Abstract

In order to reconstruct the paleoclimate of the Nayband Formation (Qadir Member) in the south of Tabas, 62 samples collected from the exploration well no. 948b for palynological investigations. The assemblage of diverse palynomorphs includes spores and pollen of land plants, dinoflagellates cysts, foraminiferal ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

A critique on the problem of the fault zone regulatory act in Iran; An overview of the surface rupture hazard caused by earthquake faulting in the northern zone of Tehran metropolis, Central Alborz, Iran

Mohsen Ehteshami-Moinabadi; Shahram Nasiri; Ali Saket; Fatemeh Moradi Ghahdarijani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103821

Abstract

The earthquake risk assessment studies in the Tehran metropolis have been focused mainly on earthquake data and technical aspects of buildings and structures. In the meantime, the data on the fault that can cause earthquakes and the related triggered fracture system, like the potential of direct surface ... Read More

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Original Article Geography

Investigating the performance of the deterministic and probabilistic versions (multi-member ensemble) of the ERA5 dataset in estimating Iran's temperature

Aboulfazl Heydari; Azar Zarrin; Abbasali Dadashi-Roudbari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103874

Abstract

Today, reanalysis datasets have become an irreplaceable part of climate studies. This research was conducted with the aim of assessing the temperature accuracy of the ERA5 dataset for two deterministic and probabilistic versions (multi-member ensemble). For this purpose, the temperature data of two deterministic ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Systematic Paleontology of Upper Cretaceous Flysch deposits Ichnofossils in, south of Golbaf, Kerman province

saeideh shakery; ahmad lotf abad arab; mohammad reza vaziri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 16 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.103879

Abstract

. South Golbaf flysch sediments in Kerman province belong to the Late Cretaceous (Coniacian-Santonian) age with a thickness of the 147 meters and consist of siltstone, silty sandstone and shale. The studied section contains the effects of Ichnospecies and Ichnogenus, that include Planolites isp., Paleophycus ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Silicification of the Eocene carbonate Deposits in southeast of Nizar, Qom

Amir moham,mad Jamali; Ali Mobasheri; Zohreh Darvish

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.228697.1133

Abstract

A thick succession of pyroclastic and volcanic rocks interbedded with trigenous, carbonate and evaporate sediments of Eocene age are exposed in southeast of Nizar, Qom. Carbonate deposits of E5 lithozone were investigated in this study. The most important identified diagenetic phenomena was silicification ... Read More

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Original Article Geography

Estimation of ETp in the southern part of Aras Basin based on CanESM2 model data

Bromand Salahi; Mahnaz Saber

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.229746.1151

Abstract

In this research, the effect of climate change on the amount of potential evapotranspiration (ETp) in the southern part of the Aras River basin was estimated and evaluated using the downscaled data of the CanESM2 climate model at the SDSM downscaling model under the RCP scenarios during the period 2021-2050 ... Read More

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Original Article Geography

Forecasting of aerosols in Southwest Asia based on SSP scenarios of CMIP 6 models

Mahmoud Ahmadi; Negar Mohammadimehr

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.230061.1155

Abstract

One of the effective events of climate change is aerosols. Investigating the effects of climate change on Southwest Asia's aerosols is very important as one of the most important aerosol centers in the world. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of climate change and predicting in Southwest ... Read More

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Original Article Geomorphology

The role of rainfall simulation in determining the type of relationship between runoff production and soil chemical properties (Case study: Kuhe Gach watershed of Izeh city)

hamzeh saeediyan

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.230366.1160

Abstract

In this study, in order to determine the type of relationship between runoff production and soil chemical properties in different land uses of Gachsaran Formation deposits, a part of Kuhe Gach watershed of the Izeh city with an area of 1202 hectares was selected. In this study, the relationship between ... Read More

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Original Article Geology

Dolomitization models and related fluid evolution in the carbonate platform of the Asmari Formation

Armin Omidpour; Roghayeh Fallah-Bagtash; Hossain Rahimpour-Bonab; Reza Moussavi-Harami; Asadollah Mahbobi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.232397.1186

Abstract

In this research, dolomitization models of the Asmari Formation with 363.9 meters thickness were investigated in the Shadegan Oil Field in the Dezful Embayment, Zagros Basin. In the Shadegan Oil Field, the Asmari Formation consists mainly of limestones and porous dolostones associated with sandstones, ... Read More

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Original Article Geomorphology

Landslide Risk Modeling in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province

Hadiseh Seddighi; Ahmad reza Ghasemi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.104053

Abstract

Landslides are one of the causes of degradation of sloping lands, especially in non-dense sedimentary layers. In this study, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province as an important mountainous region in the country was studied. Nine factors including distance from fault, slope, slope direction, land use, ... Read More

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Original Article Geomorphology

Evaluating the effects of neotectonic activities on basin shape Indices (case study: Zanjanroud sub-basins)

Seyyed Javad Hosseini; Mojtaba Yamani; Abolghasem Gorabi; Shirin Mohammadkhan

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.48308/esrj.2023.232759.1192

Abstract

Neotectonic movements after the establishment of the contemporary stress regime in each region are considered to be new tectonics of that region. Examining the morphology of basins using different indices is one of the methods of estimating the state of neotectonics in different areas. Zanjanrud is ... Read More

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Volume 14 (2023)

Volume 13 (2022)

Volume 12 (2021)

Volume 11 (2020)

Volume 10 (2019)

Volume 9 (2018)

Volume 8 (2017)

Volume 7 (2016)

Volume 6 (2015)

Volume 5 (2015)

Volume 4 (2013)

Volume 3 (2013)

Volume 2 (2012)

Volume 1 (2011)

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Keywords Cloud