تغییرات ریزرخساره‌ای، عنصری و ایزوتوپی نهشته‌های کربناته سازند تیرگان (بارمین-آپسین) در حوضه رسوبی کپه داغ (شمال شرق ایران)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زمین‌شناسی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

2 گروه زمین‌شناسی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: حوضه رسوبی کپه داغ به صورت یک حوضه درون قاره­ای، به دنبال بسته شدن اقیانوس پالئوتتیس بر اثر تصادم و برخورد بین دو قاره ایران و توران و بر اثر فاز کوهزایی سیمیرین پیشین شکل گرفته است و در پی تاثیر کوهزایی سیمیرین پیشین، در زمان تریاس میانی به وجود آمده است. رسوبگذاری کربنات­های کم­عمق در زمان کرتاسه زیرین (بارمین-آپسین) در حوضه رسوبی کپه داغ به عنوان سازند تیرگان معرفی گردیده است. این سازند در سه برش مورد مطالعه به صورت هم شیب بر روی سازند سیلیسی آواری شوریجه و در زیر سازند آهکی-مارنی سرچشمه قرار دارد.
مواد و روش­ها: در این تحقیق این سازند با استفاده از مطالعات پتروگرافی و آنالیزهای ژئوشیمیایی، به منظور ارزیابی مدل رسوبی، کانی­شناسی اولیه کربناته و فرایندهای دیاژنزی در برش­های شیروان (7/197 متر)، قوچان (4/464 متر) و چناران (8/127 متر) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. جهت مطالعات پتروگرافی 720 مقطع نازک تهیه شد. برای جداسازی کلسیت و دولومیت آهن­دار از نمونه­های بدون آهن، نمونه­ها توسط محلول فروسیانید پتاسیم به روش (Dickson, 1996) رنگ­آمیزی شدند. به منظور نامگذاری سنگ­های کربناته از روش دانهام (Dunham, 1962) و سنگ­های آواری نیز از طبقه­بندی فولک (Folk, 1980) بهره­گیری شد. همچنین برای تفسیر ریزرخساره ها و ارائه مدل رسوبی از روش فلوگل (Flugel, 2010) کمک گرفته شد. به منظور بررسی­های ژئوشیمیایی، 41 نمونه به روش ICP-OES در مرکز تحقیقات فرآوری مواد معدنی ایران-کرج (شرکت ایمیدرو) جهت آنالیز عنصری و به روش ICP-MS در مرکز آزمایشگاهی علوم دانشگاه Ottawa کانادا جهت ایزوتوپ کربن و اکسیژن آنالیز شد.
نتایج و بحث: مطالعات پتروگرافی منجر به تشخیص 18 ریزرخساره گردید که در چهار کمربند رخساره­ای دریای باز، لاگون، سدی و جزر و مدی نهشته شدند. فراوانی رخساره­های جزر و مدی همراه با رخساره­های اائیدی سدی و نبود سدهای بزرگ ریفی و رسوبات توربیدایتی حاکی از رسوبگذاری این سازند در یک سیستم رمپ هم شیب کربناته می­باشد. فرایندهای دیاژنزی در این سازند شامل: سیمانی شدن، میکریتی شدن، انحلال، فشردگی، دولومیتی شدن و سیلیسی شدن می­باشد. فراوانی اجزای اسکلتی و غیراسکلتی از جنس کلسیت اشاره به کانی­شناسی اولیه کلسیتی در کربنات­های سازند تیرگان در زمان تشکیل دارد. هم چنین مقادیر عناصر اصلی (Mg، Ca) و فرعی (Sr، Na، Mn، Fe) و گستره ایزوتوپی اکسیژن 18 و کربن 13 سنگ آهک­های سازند تیرگان، نیز نشان دهنده ترکیب کانی­شناسی اولیه کلسیتی در این نواحی است. هم چنین این مقدار تاثیر محیط دیاژنز تدفینی بر روی این نهشته­ها را در یک سیستم دیاژنزی نیمه بسته و نسبت آب به سنگ پایین نشان می­دهد. دمای اولیه دیاژنتیکی آب دریا به­طور میانگین در زمان ته­نشست کربنات­های سازند تیرگان با بهره­گیری از سنگین­ترین ایزوتوپ اکسیژن در نمونه­های آهکی، 21/18 درجه سانتی­گراد برآورد شده است.
نتیجه ­گیری: مقایسه اطلاعات به دست آمده از سه برش مورد مطالعه و اطلاعات ارائه شده از نواحی شرقی و غربی نشان دهنده افزایش دما و در نتیجه افزایش استرانسیم به سمت غرب می­باشد که حاکی از تغییر ترکیب کانی­شناسی از کلسیتی به آراگونیتی از سمت شرق به غرب حوضه می­باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of facies, elemental and isotopic changes of carbonate deposits of Tirgan Formation (Barrmian-Aptian) in Kopeh Dagh sedimentary basin (Northeast of Iran)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Samanesadat rafati 1
  • Mohammad Javanbakht 2
  • Davood Jahani 1
  • Mohsen Pourkermani 1
  • Nader Kohansal Ghadimvand 1
1 Department of geology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of geology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: The Kopeh Dagh sedimentary basin is an intercontinental basin formed following the closure of the Paleo-tethys ocean due to a collision between the two continents of Iran and Turan and in has arisen the Early Cimmerian orogenic phase. Deposition of shallow carbonates during the Lower Cretaceous (Barmin-Apsin) in the Kopet Dagh sedimentary basin has been introduced as the Tirgan Formation. This formation is located in three studied sections on the Shurijeh detrital siliceous formation and below the limestone-marni formation of Sarcheshmeh.
Materials and methods: In this research, this formation uses petrographic studies and geochemical analyzes to evaluate the sedimentary model, primary carbonate mineralogy and diagenetic processes in Shirvan (197.7 m), Quchan (464.4 m) and Chenaran (127.8) sections. 720 thin sections were prepared for petrographic studies. To separate ferroan calcite and dolomite from nonferroan samples, the samples were stained with potassium ferrocyanide solution (Dickson, 1996). In order to name carbonate rocks, the method (Dunham, 1962) and detrital rocks, classification (Folk, 1980) were used. The method (Flugel, 2010) was also used to interpret the facies and present the sedimentary model. For geochemical studies, 41 samples were analyzed by ICP-OES method in Iran-Karaj Mineral Processing Research Center (Emidro Company) for elemental analysis and by ICP-MS method in Science Laboratory Center of Ottawa University of Canada for carbon isotope and oxygen.
Results and discussion: Petrographic studies led to the identification of 18 microfacies that were deposited in four facies belts open marin, lagoon, Barrier and tidal flat. The frequency of tidal facies along with barrier facies and the absence of large reef barrier and turbidite sediments indicate the deposition of this formation in a ramp system with a carbonate slope. Diagenetic processes in this formation include: cementation, micritization, dissolution, compaction, dolomitization, fracture, stylolitification and silicification. The abundance of skeletal and non-skeletal components of calcite along with calcite cement, abundance and presence of dolomite with high content of stransiom refers to the initial mineralization of calcite in the carbonates of Tirgan Formation in time. Also, the values ​​of major (Mg, Ca) and minor elements (Sr, Na, Mn, Fe) and the isotopic range of oxygen 18 and carbon 13 of the limestones of Tirgan Formation, also indicate the composition of primary calcite mineralogy in these areas. This value also shows the impact of the burial diagenesis environment on these deposits in a semi-closed diagenesis system with a low water-to-rock ratio. The average diagenetic temperature of seawater at the time of sedimentation of carbonates of Tirgan Formation using the heaviest oxygen isotope in calcareous samples is estimated to be 18.21 ° C.
Conclusion: Comparison of the data obtained from the three studied sections and the information provided from the eastern and western regions, shows an increase in temperature and thus an increase in strontium to the west, which it is indicates a change in the mineralogical composition from calcite to aragonite from east to west basin.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Diageneses
  • Carbonate sediment geochemistry
  • Tirgan formation
  • Sedimentary model

مراجع

 
-Adabi, M.H. and Rao, C.P., 1991. Petrographic and geochemiscal evidence for orginal aragonitic mineralogy of Upper Jurassic carbonate (Mozdoran Formation), Sarakhs area, Iran: Sedimentary Geology, v. 72, p. 253-267.
-Adabi, M.H., 1996. Sedimentology and geochemistry of carbonates from Iran and Tasmania, Ph. D. thesis (Unpublished), University of Tasmania Australia, 470 p.
-Adabi, M.H., Salehi, M.A. and Ghabeshavi, A., 2010. Depositional environment, Sequence Stratigraphy and geochemistry of lower Cretaceous carbonates (Fahliyan Formation), south-west Iran, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 39, p. 148-160.
-Adabi, M.H., Kakemem, U. and Sadeghi, A., 2015. Sedimentary facies, depositional environment, and sequence stratigraphy of Oligocene-Miocene shallow water carbonate from the Rig Mountain, Zagros basin (SW Iran): Carbonates and Evaporites, v. 23 (2), p. 1-17.
-Afsharharb, A., 1994. Geology of Kope Dagh, book compilation plan of the Geological Organization of the country, 275 p (in Persian).
-Aghaei, A., Mahboubi, A., Moussavi Harami, R., Najafi, M. and Chakarpani, G.J., 2014. Carbonate Diagenesis of the Upper Jurassic Successions in the West of Binalud-Eastern Alborz (NE Iran), Jurnal Geological Society of India, v. 83, p. 311-328.
-Anderson, T.F. and Arthur, M.A., 1983. Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and paleonvironmental problems, In: Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology (eds. M. A. Arthur, T. F. Anderson, I. R. Kaplan, J. Veizer and L. S. Land). SEPM Short Course, v. 10, p. 1-151. -Asadi Mehmandosti, E., Adabi, M.H. and Woods, A.D., 2013. Microfacies and geochemistry of the Middle Cretaceous Sarvak Formation in Zagros Basin, Izeh, Zone, SW, Iran, Sedimentary Geology, v. 293, p. 9-20.
-Aziz Aini, M., 2015. Sequence stratigraphy and diagenesis of Tirgan formation located in Shorab floodplain, Master thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 185 p (in Persian).
-Berberian, M. and King, G.C.P., 1981. Toward a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran, Canadian Journal Earth Sciences, v. 18, p. 210-265.
-Bernasconi, S.M., Schmid, T.W., Grauel, A. and Mutterlose, J., 2011. Clumped-Isotope Geochemistry of carbonates: A new tool for the reconstruction of temperature and oxygen isotope composition of seawater, Applied Geochemistry, v. 26, p. 279-280.
-Brand, U. and Veizer, J., 1980. Chemical diagenesis of multicomponent carbonate system-1: trace elements: Jour. Sed. Petrology, v. 50, p. 1219-1236.
-Brand, U. and Morrison, J.O., 1987. Biogeochemistry of fossil marine invertebrates: Geosci. Canada, v. 14, p. 85-107.
-Brand, U. and Veizer, J., 1980. Chemical diagenesis of multicomponent carbonate system -1: trace elements: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 50, p. 1219-1236.
-Bucur, I. and Yarahmadzahi, H., 2018. The Lower Cretaceous Tirgan Formation in the Gelian section (Kopet-Dagh, North Iran): microfacies, microfossils, and their biostratigraphic significance, 476 p.
-Carevic, I., 2013. Comparisons between the Urgonian platform carbonates from eastem Serbia (Carpatho-Balkanides) and northeast Iran (Kopet-Dagh Basin), Depositional facies, v. 16, p. 45-67.
-Choquette, P.W. and James, N.P., 1987. Diagenesis in Limestones –The Deep Burial Environment, Geoscience Canada, v. 14, p. 3-35.
-Dunham, R.J., 1962. Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In: Ham, W. E. (Ed.), Classification of Carbonate Rocks. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 1, Tulsa, p. 108-121.
-Fateh Behari, L., 2019. Sedimentology and geochemistry of Zard and Tirgan formations in the west of Kope Dagh basin, Master's thesis, Tehran University Science Journal, 287 p (in Persian).
-Folk, R.L., 1980. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, Hemphill Publishing Co. Austin, Texas, 182 p.
-Flugel, E., 2010. Microfacies Analysis of Carbonate Rocks, Analysis, Interpretation and Application, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 976 p.
-Golafshan, T. and Kheneabad, M., 2020. Carbonate platform evolution of the Tirgan Formation during Early Cretaceous in the eastem Kopet-Dagh, northeast Iran, p. 876-1021.
-Golestan, Y., Kakmem, A., Adabi, M. and Deh Yadgari, A., 2019. Diagenesis processes and early mineralogical identification of carbonates of the Asmari formation in the Karanj oil field (Dezful depression, southwest of Iran), end Doctoral thesis of Azad University, North Tehran branch, 208 p (in Persian).
-Haeri Ardakani, O., Sanei, H., Lavoie, D., Chen, Z. and Mechti, N., 2014. Thermal Maturity and Organic Petrology of the Upper Ordovician Utica and Lorraine shales, Southern Qubec, Canada, Geo Convention, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, v. 20, p. 45-55.
-Hashemian Kakhki, N. and Aryai, A.A., 2007. Introduction of species of echinoderms from the Tirgan formation, Proceedings of the first conference of the Iranian Paleontological Society, p. 158-154 (in Persian).
-Haq, B.U., Hrdenbol, J. and Vial, P.R., 1987. Chronology of fluctuating sea-level, science, v. 235, p. 1156-1167.
-Heidari, A., Mahboubi, A., Moussavi-Harami, R., Gonzalez, L. and Moalemi, S.A., 2017. Biostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, and paleoecology of the Lower–Middle Miocene of Northern Bandar Abbas, Southeast Zagros basin in south of Iran. Arab. J. Geosci, v. 7(5), p. 1829-1855.
-Higgins, J.A., Blattler, C.L., Lundstrom, E.A., Santiago-Ramos, D.P., Akhtar, A.A., Ahm, A.C., Bialik, O., Holmden, C., Bradbury, H., Murray, S.T. and Swart, P.K., 2018. Mineralogy, early marine diagenesis, and the chemistry of shallow-water carbonate sediments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 220, p. 512- 534.
-Hudson, J.D. and Anderson, T.F., 1989. Ocean temperatures and isotopic compositions through time: trans. Roy. Soc. Edinberg, Earth Sci., v. 80, p. 183-192.
-Jafarian, A., Fallah-Bagtash, R., Mattern, F. and Heubeck, Ch., 2017. Reservoie Quality along a homoclinal carbonate ramp deposit: The Permian Upper Dalan Formation, South Pars Field, Persian Gulf Basin, Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 88, p. 587-604.
-Javanbakht, M., Ghazi, S., Moussavi-Harami, R. and Mahboubi, A., 2013. Depositional History and Sequence Stratigraphy of Tirgan Formation (Barremian-Aptian), in Central Kopet - Dagh, NE Iran, Journal Geological Society of India, v. 82, p. 701-711.
-Javanbakht, M., Wanas, H.A., Jafarian, A., Shahsavan, N. and Sahraeyan, M., 2018. Carbonate diagenesis in the Barremian-Aptian Tirgan Formation (Kopet-Dagh Basin, NE Iran): Petrographic, geochemical and reservoir quality constraints, Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 144, p. 122-135.
-Jabanakhet, M., 2011. History of sedimentation and post-sedimentation of Tirgan Formation in the central and western areas of the Kope Dagh sedimentary basin, PhD thesis, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Research Sciences Branch (in Persian).
-Kwon, Y.K., Chough, S.K., Choa, D.K. and Lee, D.J., 2006. Sequence stratigraphy of theTaeback Group (Cambrian-Ordovician), Mideast Korea. Sedimentary Geology, v. 149, p. 219-235.
-Kietzmann, D.A., Palma, R.M., Riccardi, A.C., Martin-Chivelet, J. and Lopez-Gomez, J., 2014. Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of a Tithonian – Valanginian carbonate ramp (VacaMuerta Formation): Amisunderstood exceptional source rock in the Southern Mendoza area of the Neuquen Basin, Argentina, Sedimentary Geology, v. 203, p. 64-86.
-Li, F., Yan, J., Algeo, T. and Wu, W., 2013. Paleoceanographic conditions following the End-Permian mass extinction recorded by giant ooids (Moyang, South china), Global and Planetary change, v. 105, p. 102-120.
-Marshall, J.D., 1992. Climatic and oceanographic isotopic signals from the carbonate rock record and theirl preservation: Geol. Magazine, v. 129, p. 143-160.
-Milliman, J.D., 1974. Marine Carbonates: New York, Spinger-Verlag, 375 p.
-Morad, S., Ketzer, M. and Deros, L.F., 2013. Linking Diagenesis to sequence Stratigraphy (Morad/Linking diagenesis to Sequence Stratigraphy), Geochemical Evidence for Meteoric Diagenesis and Cryptic Surfaces of Subaerial Exposure in Upper Ordivician Peritidal carbonates from the Nashville Dome, Central Tennessee, and USA. Osmania Journal of Social Sceinces, Doi: 10.102/9781118485347, 257-269.
-Morse, J.W. and Mackenzie, F.T., 1990. Geochemistry of Sedimentary carbonate, Developments in Sedimentology 48, Elsevier, New York, 707 p.
-Mortazavi Mehrizi, M., 2007. Sequence stratigraphy of Shourijeh and Tirgan formations (Lower Cretaceous) in the Sefidsang area northeast of Freeman, Master's thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 310 p (in Persian).
-Mousavizadeh, M.A., Mehboubi, A., Mousous Harami, R. and Najafi, M., 2007. Sedimentation history and sequence stratigraphy of the Tirgan Formation in the southwest of Jozak and Chaman Bid villages in the west of the Kope Dagh sedimentary basin of the collection Papers of the 11th Iranian Geological Society, p. 705-709 (in Persian).
-Najaran, N., Ariyaie, A. and Ashori, A., 2018. The study of microfacies and sedimentary environments of Tirgan Formation southeast of Ghochan (Dodanlu section), p. 367-507.
-Nelson, C.S. and Smith, A.M., 1996. Stable oxygen and carbon isotope compositional fields for skeletal and diagenetic components in New Zealand Cenozoic nontropical carbonate sediments and limestones: a synthesise and review: New Zealand Jour, Geology, Geophysics, v. 39, p. 93-107.
-Poursoltani, M., Kermanshahi, H. and Jabanakhet, M., 2017. Interpretation of the sedimentary environment, diagenesis and reservoir quality of the Tirgan formation as a possible reservoir rock in the east of the Kepe Dagh sedimentary basin, Two Quarterly Journal of Applied Sedimentology, v. 10, p. 127-151 (in Persian).
-Poursoltani, M.R. and Kermanshahi, H., 2017. The interpretation of depositional environment, diagenesis and reservoir quality of Tirgan Formation, a possible reservoir rock in the eastem of Kopet-Dagh Basin, v. 10, p. 99-145.
-Rao, C.P. and Adabi, M.H., 1992. Carbonate minerals, major and minor elements and oxygen and carbon isotopes and their variation with water depth in cool, temperate carbonates, western Tasmania, Australia: Mar. Geology, v. 103, p. 249-272.
-Roa, C.P. and Amini, Z., 1995. Faunal relationship to grain-size, mineralogy and geochemistry in recent temperate shelf carbonate, Western Tasmania, Australia, Carbonates and Evaporites, v. 10, p. 114-123.
-Rao, C.P., 1996. Elemental composition of marine calcite from modern temperate shelf brachiopods, bryozoans and bulk carbonates, eastern Tasmania, Australia, Carbonates and Evaporites, 11 p.
-Raisossadat, N. and Moussavi-Harami, R., 2000. Lithostigraphic and facies analysis of sarcheshmeFirmation (Lower Certaceous) in the eastern Kopet-Dagh Basin, NE Iran, Cretaceous Research, v. 19, p. 197-223.
-Rivandi, B., Vahidinia, M., Nadjafi, M. and Mahboubi, A., 2013. Sequence and Biostratigraphy of Lower Cenozoic Succession in the Kopet- Dagh Basin, NE of Iran, 356-398 p.
-Rivandi, B., Najafi, M., Mousavi Harami, R., Mehboubi, A., Vahidinia, M. and Mousavizadeh, M., 2007. Biological and sequence stratigraphy of the Tirgan formation in Khor alluvium in the northeast of Mashhad, Proceedings of the 11th Geological Society of Iran, 175 p (in Persian).
-Scotese, C.R., 2004. A Continental Drift Flibook, Journal of Geology, v. 112, p. 729-741.
-Saffar, A., Mousavi, M.J., Torshizian, H. and Javanbakht, M., 2010. The investigation of Diagenetic processes and interpretation of paragenetic sequence of Tirgan Formation, Zavin section, NE of Iran, the 1 st International Applied Geological Congress, Department of Geology, Islamic Azad University-Mashhad Branch, Iran, p. 26-28.
-Tabatabaee, P., Lasemi, Y. and Jahani, D., 2019. Facies variability of a lower Aptian Carbonate platform succession, Tirgan Formation, eastem Kopet-Dagh Basin northeast Iran, v. 78, p. 120-234.
-Tayban, A., 2017. Investigating the geochemistry and sedimentary environment of the Tirgan Formation deposits in the eastern areas of the Kope Dagh sedimentary basin, northeastern Iran, master's thesis, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, 148 p (in Persian).
-Timorpur, Kh., 2003. Lithostratigraphy and sedimentation history of Tirgan Formation in the east of Kepe Dagh sedimentary basin, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad master's thesis, 167 p.
-Tucker, M.E. and Wright, V.P., 1990. Carbonate Sedimentology, Blackwell Science, Inc, 482 p.
-Veizer, j., 1983. Trace elements and isotopes in sedimentary carbonates, Reviews in mineralogy and Geochimestry, v. 11, p. 265-299.
-Veizer, J., Ala, D., Azmy, K., Bruckschen, P., Buhl, D., Bruhn, F., Carden, G.A.F., Diener, A., Ebneth, S., Goddris, Y., Jasper, T., Korte, C., Pawellek, F., Podlaha, O.G. and Strauss, H., 1999. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, C¹³ and O¹⁸ evolution of Phanerozoic seawater, Chemical Geology, v. 161, p. 59-88.
-Winefield, P.R., Nelson, C.S. and Hoddar, A.P.W., 1996. Discriminating temperate carbonates and their diagenetic environments using bulk elemental geochemistry: a reconnaissance study based on New Zealand Cenozoic Limestones: Carbonates and Evaporites, v. 11, p. 19-31.
-Warren, W.J., 2000. Dolomite Occurrence, evolution and economically important association, Earth science review, v. 52, p. 1-81.
-Yavarmanesh, H., Vaziri, Sh. and Aryaei, A.A., 2017. Microfacies and Morphotectonic of the Tirgan Formation in syncline (North of Chenaran), p. 210-287.
-Zara, A.M. and Tanner, L.H., 2010. Carbonates in Continental Settings Geochemistry, Diagenesis an Applications, Elsevier, 319 p.
 
 

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار